Analysis of The Effect of Floating Net Cages on Reservoir Water Quality
(Case Study: Darma Kuningan Reservoir, Indonesia)
Azriel
Albani Syahrain1, Dita Rosiyanah2, Nur Fieka Putri3,
Ohan Farhan4
123Student of
the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati
4Lecturer
of the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati
[email protected]1, [email protected]2, [email protected]3, [email protected]4
The use of Darma
Waduk is as a source of clean water and a place of fish cultivation in the form
of net cages. The number of floating net cages that currently exist is 6521,
and the number continues to increase quite significantly from the previous
year. The existence of floating net cages affects water quality, while water
quality is an aspect to be considered in water utilization. The study aims to
analyze the impact of floating net cages on water quality and efforts to
control the floating net cage population in Darma Waduk. The research uses a
quantitative and qualitative approach, starting with surveys and interviews
with floating net cage farmers and related services. Subsequently, water
samples were taken, and the results of laboratory tests were analyzed using the
Pollution Index (IP) method. The results of the calculation using the pollution
index (IP) method at the first point (PDAM Intake Area) obtained a result of
4.14, at the second point (around the floating net cage area of the village of
Cipasung) a value of 3.76, and at the third point (in the floating net cage
village of Jagara) a score of 4.12. The results of the research showed that the
water quality taken from the three points of the sample included light
pollution when referring to the class I water quality standard according to PP
No. 22 for 2021. However, the presence of household and agricultural waste also
contributes to the pollution burden in the Darma Valley.
Keywords:
(Water Quality, Floating Net Cages, Pollution Index)�����������������������������������
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Darma Reservoir is included
in the category of multipurpose reservoirs, where it is based on the use of
reservoir water as a clean water provider, irrigation water provider, fish
cultivation using the floating net cage method (KJA), and for drinking water
services (PDAM) (Weerahewa et al., 2023). The problems faced in water resource management are water shortages,
excess water, and water pollution. The lack of good institutions in the Darma
Reservoir causes the KJA population to be uncontrollable, which can affect the
quality of the waters (Purba & Nurhayati, 2022). Ideally, the characteristics of clean water are clear, odorless, and
colorless, and they do not contain pathogenic germs that can endanger human
health (Kayan, 2015). Fish cultivation with the floating net cage method (KJA) has an impact
on the obstruction of water flow and currents for the transportation of oxygen,
sediment, and plankton, as well as fish larvae (Syandri, Azrita, & Mardiah, 2020). The impact arising from the existence of the KJA is in the form of
eutrophication of reservoir water quality and a high sediment rate (Mushfiroh & Marselina, 2021). The problem that often arises due to excess KJA is the mass death of
fish due to the upwelling event.The upwelling event is
caused by the suboptimal circulation of the bottom water, resulting in a
decrease in the level of dissolved oxygen in the water.
Table 1. Development of the Number of Floating Net Cages
|
������������� No |
Year |
Number of Floating Net Cages |
|
1 |
2020 |
4916 |
|
2 |
2021 |
6986 |
|
3 |
2022 |
6521 |
|
4 |
2023 |
6521 |
���������������������� �Source : Dinas Perikanan dan Pertanian Kab.
Kuningan
�Based on Table 1, it shows that from 2020 to
2021, there was a significant increase in the number of floating net cages
(KJA). Meanwhile, from 2022 to 2023, the number of KJAs will remain stable.
However, this number has exceeded the maximum limit allowed for KJA in
reservoirs according to Regent Regulation Number 81 of 2020, where the maximum
limit for KJA is 1,500 plots with a tolerance limit of 2,500 plots. From this,
the problem of the level of pollution in the Darma Reservoir arises: how to
control the population of the increasing number of KJA? Therefore, it is
necessary to conduct research on the analysis of the influence of floating net
cages on the water quality of the Darma Reservoir.
Global issues related to fish
farming in floating net cages (KJA) and its impact on water quality have become
a widespread concern in various parts of the world (Iskandar,
Sumiarsa, Suwartapradja, & Kamarudin, 2024). Several studies have shown that the presence of FECs can cause
eutrophication, sedimentation, and significant water quality degradation in
many reservoirs and lakes (Kusliansjah,
Gunawan, Tjong, & Yudianto, 2023). Globally, the growth of the aquaculture industry, including fish
farming in KJAs, has increased rapidly in recent decades to meet the growing
demand for fish (FAO, 2020). However, unsustainable aquaculture practices can
pose serious environmental problems.
Several previous studies have
examined the impact of KJA on water quality in various reservoirs and lakes. (Syandri et al., 2020) found that KJA in Lake
Maninjau, Indonesia, had caused water quality degradation, eutrophication, and
fish health problems. (Mushfiroh & Marselina, 2021) also reported that KJA in
Darma Reservoir had caused eutrophication and increased sedimentation rates. In
Thailand, (Weerahewa et al., 2023) showed that the presence
of KJAs has caused a decline in water quality in Beung Boraphet Lake.
This research has several novelty
aspects that distinguish it from previous studies, namely: Focuses on analyzing
the impact of KJA on water quality in Darma Reservoir, Indonesia, which is an
important source of drinking and irrigation water for the local community. Uses
a comprehensive approach, i.e. a combination of quantitative (pollution index)
and qualitative (interviews with farmers and relevant stakeholders) analysis.
Provided concrete recommendations for efforts to control the KJA population in
Darma Reservoir to maintain the sustainability of water resources.
The purpose of this study is to
find out how the existing conditions of water quality in the Darma Reservoir
are based on physical and chemical parameters; discuss the difference in water
quality between reservoirs with floating net cages (KJA) and those without
floating net cages; and discuss how efforts were made to control the number of
floating net cages (KJA). The results of this study are expected to contribute
to the management of the Darma Reservoir and can be used as evaluation material
for how efforts are made to control the KJA population.�������������
RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted in the Darma Reservoir, Kuningan Regency,
West Java. The Darma Reservoir has an inundation area of 309 ha. The data used
in this study are in the form of primary and secondary data. Primary data was
obtained from observations, measurements, and direct interviews with resource
persons (floating net cage farmers and related agencies) during the study. The
primary data collected was in the form of data on water quality results
(physical parameters and kimia). As for the secondary data needed, the data on
the number of KJA in recent years from related agencies serves as supporting
data for this study.
Figure 1. Research Location and Sampling Point
Plan
The
research began with the collection of technical data and interviews with KJA
farmers and related agencies, such as the Darma Reservoir Management Office and
the Fisheries and Agriculture Office of Kuningan Regency. Furthermore,
observations were made in the field, and sampling points were determined based
on the purpose of the research (purposive sampling). Sampling was carried out
at the first point, namely WDM 1, the second point, namely WDM 2, and the third
point, namely WDM 3. From the results obtained, the data is then processed
using the Pollution Index (IP) method so that the standard status of water
quality can be known (Romdania,
Herison, & Susilo, 2018).
Table 2. Determination of Water Quality Standard Status
|
No |
Score IP |
Description |
|
1 |
0 - 1,0 |
Good Condition |
|
2 |
1,1
- 5,0 |
Light Contamination |
|
3 |
5,1 - 10 |
Moderate
Pollution |
|
4 |
>10 |
Heavy Contamination |
�
����� Source
: Peraturan Pemerintah No.22 Tahun 2021
This index
shows one type of parameter that is dominant in causing a decrease in water
quality in one observation. According to Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 concerning
the determination of water quality analysis, the level of pollution can be determined
using the following formula:
Pij = =�
Information:
Ci = Concentration of water quality parameters from the survey results
Li = Concentration of water quality parameters in Water
Quality Standards (j)
PIj = Pollution index for allocation (j)
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Rainfall Data Analysis
The rainfall data used in this study was
obtained from the Cimanuk-Cisanggarung River Area Center (BBWS). Rainfall data
was taken, namely 10-year rainfall data from Darma Station in accordance with
the research site, along with the average annual rainfall data at Darma Station:
Table 3. 10-Year Rainfall Data at
Darma Station
|
YEAR |
AMOUNT PER YEAR |
AVERAGE PER YEAR |
|||
|
2011 |
183.913 |
7.663 |
|
||
|
2012 |
168.177 |
7.007 |
|
||
|
2013 |
178.367 |
7.432 |
|
||
|
2014 |
217.063 |
9.044 |
|
||
|
2015 |
176.480 |
7.353 |
|
||
|
2016 |
140.158 |
5.840 |
|
||
|
2017 |
131.127 |
5.464 |
|
||
|
2018 |
196.450 |
8.185 |
|
||
|
2019 |
181.642 |
7.568 |
|
||
|
2020 |
181.708 |
7.571 |
|
||
|
SUM |
1755.087 |
|
|||
|
AVERAGE |
175.509 |
|
|||
|
|||||
Source : Calculation results
Table 3 shows
that the amount of rainfall per year, namely in 2011�2020, ranges from 131,127
mm to 217,063 mm, while the average per year ranges from 5,464 to 9,044 mm.
Meanwhile, the average in 10 years is 175,509 mm.
Figure 2. Average Rainfall
Based on the analysis of rainfall, it can be
known that the average monthly rainfall from 2011 to 2020 shows that in March,
at the time of sampling, the rainfall was still high; next, in July, subsequent
sampling of rainfall tends to be smaller; and in December, the average rainfall
in 10 years is high. From this data, it may be possible to compare whether
there is a difference in water quality between the dry season and the rainy
season.
Debit Outflow Data Analysis
The debit data used is outflow debit or outgoing discharge.
Outflow discharge �is obtained
from the sum of expenses such as from culverts, seepage, overflow and for PDAM
Kuningan water. The following is the outflow debit data �in 10 years:
Table 4. �10 Years
�Debit Outflow Data
|
YEAR |
AMOUNT PER YEAR |
AVERAGE PER YEAR (M3/sec) |
|
|
2013 |
306.225 |
12.759 |
|
|
2014 |
407.678 |
16.987 |
|
|
2015 |
661.552 |
27.565 |
|
|
2016 |
353.759 |
14.740 |
|
|
2017 |
548.338 |
22.847 |
|
|
2018 |
514.936 |
21.456 |
|
|
2019 |
335.751 |
13.990 |
|
|
2020 |
502.954 |
20.956 |
|
|
2021 |
641.372 |
26.724 |
|
|
2022 |
633.373 |
26.391 |
|
|
2023 |
653.181 |
27.216 |
|
|
SUM |
231.630 |
||
|
AVERAGE |
21.057 |
||
Source :
Calculation results
Based on Table 4,� it can be seen that the average outflow
discharge issued in 10 years is worth 21,057 m3/sec. This value is obtained
from the average every year, where the average value every year ranges from
12,759 � 27,565 m3/sec.�
Figure 3. Average Amount of Outflow
Discharge
Based on the
analysis of discharge outflow data at Darma Reservoir, it can be known that the
monthly average from 2011 � 2020 shows that the results are inversely
proportional to the amount rain. Where in July rainfall tends to be less but the
outflow discharge is� high, while in
December the outflow discharge value� is
less.
Analysis
of Test Values based on Physical and Chemical Parameters
After calculating rainfall data and outflow discharge data, then
conducting water quality testing based on physical and chemical parameters, the
following water quality test values based on physical and chemical parameters:
Table 5. Test Values of Aquatic Physical and Chemical Parameters
Source : Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai
Cimanuk Cisanggarung
Table
6. Test Values of Aquatic Physical and Chemical Parameters
Darma Reservoir in 2023 (July Period)
Source : Balai
Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk Cisanggarung
Table 7. Test Values of Aquatic Physical and Chemical Parameters
Darma Reservoir in 2023 (December Period)
Source : Balai
Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk Cisanggarung
Table 8. Test Values of Aquatic Physical and Chemical Parameters
Darma Reservoir in 2024 (March)
Source :
Personal Documents
Information ;
WDM 1 : Sample
Point 1
WDM 2 : Sample
Point 2
WDM 3 : Sample Point 3
Based on tables 5 - 8, it shows the results of
physical and chemical parameter tests that have been carried out from 2021,
2023 and 2024. Table 5 shows that the test results have several parameters that
exceed the maximum limit of class I water quality standards according to
Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021, namely COD, BOD and DO parameters (Wikurendra,
Syafiuddin, Nurika, & Elisanti, 2022). Furthermore, seen from tables 6 � 7,
the test results in 2023 for the July and December periods show that the BOD
and COD parameters exceed the maximum limit of class I water quality standards (Arisanty,
Hastuti, Adyatma, & Azhari, 2021).�
Analysis of Darma
Reservoir Water Quality Using the Pollution Index (IP) Method
After obtaining the test results,
the next step is to calculate using the Pollution Index (IP) method to find out
the standard status of the water quality as follows:
Table 9. Results of the
Calculation of the Pollution Index (IP) of the Darma Reservoir in 2021 �(WDM 1)
Table 10. Results of the
Calculation of the Pollution Index (IP) of the Darma Reservoir in 2021 (WDM 2)
Source :
Calculation Results
Source : Calculation Results
Table 12. Results of the Darma
Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
Year 2023 July Period (WDM 1)
Source :
Calculation Results
Table 13. Results of the
Darma Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
Year 2023 July Period (WDM 2)
Table 14. Results of the Darma
Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
Year 2023 July Period (WDM 3)
Source :
Calculation Results
Table 15. Results of the
Darma Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
Year 2023 December Period (WDM 1)
Table 16. Results of the Darma
Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
Year 2023 December Period (WDM 2)
Table 17. Results of the Darma
Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
Year 2023 December Period (WDM 3)
Source :
Calculation Results
Table 18. Results of the Darma
Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
Year 2024 March Period (WDM 1)
Source : Calculation Results
Table 19. Results of the Darma
Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
��������������������������������������������������������������
Year 2024 March Period (WDM 2)
Source :
Calculation Results
Table 20. Results of the Darma
Reservoir Pollution Index Calculation
Year 2024 March Period (WDM 3)
Source :
Calculation Results
From the results of the calculation using the Pollution Index (IP)
method, it can be concluded that the results of observations in 2021, 2023 and
2024 can be classified into lightly polluted. This is due to the burden of
waste from fish farming activities and household waste as well as waste from
agriculture around the waters of the Darma Reservoir, which causes a high
pollution index score. However, both observations made in the rainy season such
as December and the dry season such as July show the same result, namely, the
standard status of water quality in the waters of the Darma Reservoir is
lightly polluted (Anas, Jubaedah, & Sudinno, 2017).
The results of,
physical and chemical parameters that have been analyzed in 2021, 2023 and 2034
show that the results with the highest pollution levels are in the parameters
of Color, COD, BOD and DO. The cause of the high results, of Color, COD and BOD
parameters is caused by fish water that settle and leftover feed that is not
consumed so that the feed settles and rots so that it causes a lack of oxygen
in the waters (Lal & Mogalekar, 2024). It was concluded that if the growth of KJA
increases, it can cause the level of pollution to be higher.
Efforts to Control Floating Net Cages
According to Regent Regulation Number 81 of 2020, with a maximum limit of
1,500 plots of Floating Net Cages (Andari & Ella, 2022). However, at this time, the number of floating net
cages in the Darma Reservoir based on data from the Fisheries and Agriculture
Service of Kuningan Regency has reached 6521 floating net cages. The inundation
area in the Darma Reservoir is 309 Ha, where 8.76% of the area is the area of
the floating net cage or equivalent to 27 Ha of the reservoir inundation area.
With fish production produced at one harvest time, which is 0.75 tons/harvest �(Aneta, Umboh, & Sondakh, 2021). Thus, the total fish production in one year is
0.75 tons/harvest x 6521 = 4,890.75 tons/harvest or 14,672.25 tons/year,
assuming 3 times the harvest period. Based on the results of these
calculations, it can be concluded that the amount of fish production in the
Darma Reservoir with the permitted fish production is (14,672.25 � 121,979
tons) = 14,550.27 tons/year or 7,275.13 tons/harvest assuming 3 times the
harvest period. From the results of these calculations, the maximum number of
Floating Net Cages in the Darma Reservoir is 1011 plots
From the results of the above analysis, it is necessary to implement
regulations related to the management and utilization of reservoirs so that the
use of the reservoir does not have a negative impact on the waters (Prihadi, Erlania, & Astuti, 2016). And in this case, it is necessary to reduce the
number of floating net cages by controlling the number of floating net cages in
the Darma Reservoir and periodically transferring them for fish cultivation on
land (Aquaculture). In addition, the feeding system for fish needs to be
considered again because feeding fish in a full-fledged manner (Ad libitum)
also has a negative impact on reservoir waters. Feed management should be
adequate (satition) where the feeding is based on the age of the fish and the
type of feed used.
CONCLUSION
From
the results of research and calculations that have been carried out, it can be
concluded that the results of calculations using the Pollution Index (IP)
method in 2021, 2023 and 2024 show that the status of water quality standards
in Darma Reservoir is in the lightly polluted category. The results of
calculations using the Pollution Index (IP) method in 2021 carried out at three
observation points, namely WDM 1, WDM 2 and WDM 3 show IP scores ranging from
2.44 to 3.06. The results of calculations using the Pollution Index (IP) method
in 2023 in the July period (dry season) were 3.01 - 3.27 while in December the
IP score ranged from 2.62 - 3.22. The results of calculations using the
Pollution Index (IP) method in 2024 in March and carried out at three observation
points, namely WDM 1, WDM 2 and WDM 3, showed that the IP score ranged from
3.76 to 4.14.
From the results of the analysis that has been
carried out from the three sampling points, both present and absent, the three
floating net cages are included in the depth of light pollution. It can be
concluded that high rainfall (rainy season) or drought does not affect the
level of pollution status in Darma Reservoir. Of the physical parameters that
have been tested, the color parameter of the three sampling station points has
exceeded the maximum limit of class I according to Government Regulation Number
22 of 2021. For the chemical parameters that have been tested, the results of
several parameters that exceed the maximum limit of class I water quality standards
according to Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 such as; Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD) parameters and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Dissolved Oxygen
(DO) parameters. Efforts that must be made to reduce the number of floating net
cages (KJA) that are experiencing a continuous increase are that the relevant
government must make clear regulations regarding policies and utilization of
the Darma Reservoir as well as licensing procedures for the existence of
floating net cages (KJA). In addition, in the process of controlling KJA in
Darma Reservoir, it must pay attention to the economic aspects of the
surrounding community, namely by educating and socializing about cultivation on
land, also known as aquaculture.
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