A Relative
Analysis of Gardens of Pakistan and UK
Talha
Sabir1, Saira Ashraf2, Muhammad Waqar Younis3,
Huma Shahzadi4, Abdul Rehman5
Almasa Environmental Solutions LLC, Unite Emirate Arab1,3
�University
of Engineering & Technology UET, Pakistan2
Lahore College For Women University, Pakistas4
University of Malaya, Malaysia5
[email protected]1, [email protected]2,
[email protected]3,
[email protected]4,
[email protected]5
Abstract:
Parks play an important role in
improving people's quality of life, especially amidst rapid urbanization. This
research aims to explore how differences in park design and management affect
people's use and perceptions in both countries. The approaches used in this
research are qualitative and quantitative. Data were collected through
literature review, field observations, and interviews with relevant parties,
such as park managers and visitors. The findings show that parks in Pakistan
have great cultural significance, often used for social gatherings and
recreation, with examples of historical parks such as Shalimar. On the other
hand, gardens in the UK offer a diverse range of styles and functions, from
formal gardens to natural landscapes, serving as an educational resource for
botanical lovers. This analysis provides insights into the unique
characteristics of parks in both countries and provides recommendations for
park planning and management in Pakistan, taking into account best practices
from the UK.
Keywords: Parks,
Pakistan, UK, design, cultural significance, urban planning, comparative
analysis.
Corresponding: Talha
Sabir
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Global issues related to climate change and
rapid urbanization have become major challenges for many countries around the
world (Ogwu, 2019). With rapid population growth, the
need for green open spaces has become even more pressing. Parks and other
public spaces not only provide ecological benefits, but also play an important
role in improving the quality of life of urban communities (Zhang, 2016). However, many cities in developing
countries such as Pakistan experience difficulties in providing and maintaining
adequate parks, which contributes to mental and physical health issues in the
community.
Specifically, in Pakistan, parks are often
overlooked in urban planning, reducing people's access to healthy open spaces (Organization, 2016). On the other hand, parks in
developed countries like the UK have a more planned and well-managed approach,
creating spaces that are not only beautiful but also functional. This
comparison suggests a significant gap in park management between the two
countries, which warrants further investigation (Vila, Darcy, & Gonz�lez, 2015).
Previous relevant research has addressed
various aspects of parks in developed and developing countries, but rarely has
it directly compared parks in Pakistan with those in the UK (Putri, Junaidi, & Mustika, 2019). Some studies focus on the social and
environmental benefits of parks in developed countries, while others highlight
the challenges faced by parks in developing countries. However, the lack of
studies reviewing these two contexts simultaneously indicates a gap in the
literature that needs to be filled (Kabisch, Qureshi, & Haase, 2015).
The urgency of this research is high, given
the importance of parks as public spaces in improving people's quality of life
amidst rapid urbanization. With the increasing awareness of mental and physical
health, and the need for open spaces, this research aims to provide deeper
insights into park design and management. This is expected to provide useful
recommendations for urban planners and policy makers.
The uniqueness of this research lies in its
comparative approach between parks in Pakistan and the UK, which has not been
done. By exploring the differences and similarities in the design, function,
and cultural significance of parks, this research is expected to offer a new
perspective in understanding how parks can be optimized to meet the needs of
communities in various contexts.
The aim of this research is to analyze and
compare parks in Pakistan and the UK, and explore how differences in design and
management affect community use and perceptions. The research also aims to
identify best practices from both countries that can be applied in the
Pakistani context, as well as provide recommendations for park improvement.
The benefits of this research will not only
contribute to the academic literature, but also have the potential to influence
public policy regarding park management in Pakistan. By educating stakeholders
on the importance of parks and open spaces, this research is expected to
encourage more investment and attention in the planning and management of green
spaces, which will ultimately improve the quality of life of urban communities.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research used both qualitative
and quantitative approaches to analyze gardens in Pakistan and the UK, enabling
an in-depth understanding of their design, use and cultural significance. Data
collection was conducted through a literature study, which included information
from various sources such as books, scholarly articles, and official reports
regarding the history, design, and function of parks in both countries. In
addition, field observations were made with direct visits to the parks to
observe physical conditions, design, and visitor interactions. Interviews were
also conducted with relevant parties, such as park managers, landscape
architects, and visitors, to gain a deeper perspective on park utilization.
The collected data was then analyzed
using thematic analysis methods for the identification of patterns and themes
in qualitative data, as well as statistical methods for the analysis of
quantitative data, such as park area, number of visitors, and available
facilities. The results of the study will compare parks in Pakistan and the UK
based on predetermined criteria, including an analysis of differences and
similarities in the use and public perception of parks. Based on the findings,
recommendations will be made for the development of better parks in Pakistan,
taking into account best practices from UK parks. Finally, a research report
that includes the findings, analysis, and recommendations will be compiled and
presented to stakeholders, including the government and the general public, to
contribute to better planning and management of open spaces in the future.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The evolution and
status of design guides for parks in London and Lahore
1.
The London Plan
The Mayor's London Plan is the capital's ultimate strategy
plan, laying out a fully integrated economic, environmental, transportation,
and social framework for development through 2031. The London Plan intends to
preserve and promote open spaces, understanding that as London's built form
becomes more compact and crowded; the importance of these areas will increase (Carmona, 2015). Table 1 shows the categorization of
parks in London.
Table 1. Categorization of open spaces
in London public parks
|
Open space categorization |
Size guideline |
Distance from homes |
|
Regional parks |
400 hectares |
3.2 to 8 km |
|
Metropolitan parks |
60 hec |
3.2 km |
|
District parks |
20 hec |
1.2 km |
|
Local parks and open spaces |
2 hec |
400 m |
|
Small open spaces |
Under 2 hec |
Less than 400 m |
|
Pocket parks |
Under 0.4 hec |
Less than 400 m |
|
Linear open spaces |
Variable |
Wherever feasible |
Source: city of London.gov.uk
2.
Local Policies and
Strategies in London
The City of London Local Plan was approved in January 2015.
Table 2. Distribution of open spaces
for parks
|
Area |
Percentage of open spaces |
Total size(Hectares) |
Publicly accessible(Hectares) |
|
North of the city |
51 |
16.53 |
12.02 |
|
Cheapside& St.Paul |
9 |
2.84 |
2.73 |
|
Eastern cluster |
4 |
1.18 |
1.06 |
|
Aldgate |
4 |
1.33 |
1.09 |
|
Themes & riverside |
19 |
6.17 |
5.32 |
|
Rest of the city |
13 |
4.04 |
3.44 |
|
Total |
100 |
32.09 |
25.66 |
Source: city of London.gov.uk
� Make London a
better place to live by accommodating expansion without infringing on parks.
� Attempt to
maximize and improve town center accessibility from the communities they serve,
notably through public transportation, walking, and cycling.
� Seek to maintain
and enhance the vitality and viability of town centers, including maximizing
housing provision through high density, mixed-use development, and
environmental improvement, in accordance with other policies in this plan.
� Make London a
more wealthy city by fostering strong and diverse economic growth
� To combat
deprivation and discrimination, promote social inclusion.
� Increasing accessibility
�
Make London a more appealing,
well-designed, and environmentally friendly city
3.
Strategic planning and
the functional requirements of parks in London
The community's vision for a complete
parks and recreation system is documented in the General Plan, and the current
and proposed sites play a key part in achieving that vision (Daniels, 2017). Preparation and adaptability are the
keys to realizing this dream. The plan is the first phase in laying the
groundwork for the Strategic Plan's twenty-year implementation (Bamberger, Biron, & Boon, 2014). Recognizing the inevitability of
change, the plan also contains a set of instruments that will enable cities to
respond quickly to new opportunities. Cities should plan and implement best
practices for green design for parks and development in order to improve the
environment (de Roo & Miller, 2017). In addition to green building
criteria and energy conservation regulations, the Cities promote the use of
native landscaping and salvaged, recycled, and sustainably obtained materials
in new construction.
The Strategic Plan emphasizes the need
of developing master plans for various existing parks, as well as how these
efforts will contribute to the system's overall success and long-term
viability. Master plans and other planning projects throughout the cities will
inform and be informed by the Implementation Framework. It is designed to be a
"living document" that can measure progress and be modified to match
changing demands, realities, and opportunities (Vinod Kumar, 2022).
4.
National Level Planning
and the functional requirements of parks in Lahore, Pakistan
Pakistan horticultural administration
known as PHA, feels that vegetation is critical to a city's success. Thus, parks
and green belts are being built in every nook and cranny of Lahore to restore
its beauty and rev revive its life. Flower displays are being built along the
road according to world horticulture standards. By offering effective and
timely services, it hopes to establish the groundwork for a secure and
sustainable community that breathes and lives well. The PHA's overall purpose
is to improve the city's public infrastructure through constructing parks and
maintaining natural resources in order to protect residents' quality of life (Kealiikanakaoleohaililani & Giardina, 2016).
In addition to their primary recreational function, parks
can serve as catalysts for community development and rehabilitation. They are a
significant part of the city that beautifies it, connects us to nature, and
provides a fantastic social and cultural exchange platform. As a result, PHA is
now in charge of preserving and protecting this natural sanctuary. PHA has
established a strategy to keep the greenways in good repair, which includes
ongoing park and facility restorations, maintenance of green belts and
sidewalks, seasonal flexibility in care, and interim management to improve the
overall park maintenance process (Guides, 2015).
5.
Parks and Horticulture
Authority Act, 2021
The Public parks, green belts, and open spaces, to name a
few, are developed and maintained. Landscape, planting, face-lifting, and
lighting of specific places in and around under this act. Government projects
for the beautification of the City of Gardens are launched and overseen. In the
Lahore horticultural sector, an integrated approach is being developed to
ensure uniformity.
6.
National Level Design
guidelines of Pakistan
Pakistan has National Level Design Guidelines which provide
(minimum areas) for different types of open spaces, these set out that the
following specifications to be considered while designing any park/open space
Table 3. Design specifications
extracted by NRM, Pakistan
|
Type |
Description� |
Allocation criteria |
Total area (ha) |
Hectors/1000 |
|
Metropolitan city park |
A specialized facility containing botanical gardens and zoo |
2 million |
50-70 |
0.0025-0.35 |
|
City park |
Wide range of amusement facilities, landscaping |
400000 |
12-15 |
0.03-0.037 |
|
Community park |
Selected amusement facilities, walks, tree plantation |
100000 |
4-5 |
0.04-0.05 |
|
Neighborhood park |
Wide range of child play fixtures, walking and jogging paths |
25000 |
3.25-4 |
0.13-0.16 |
|
Mohalla parks |
Two lots with slides, swings |
6250 |
1.6-3.6 |
0.26-0.58 |
|
Total |
0.485-0.826 |
|||
Parks are
categorized as Metropolitan Park, City Park, Community park, Mohalla park and
neighborhood park. Areas are mentioned in figure.
Other recreational parks should include
� Parking area =
5acres
� Cricket Stadium =
5 acres
� Hockey Stadium =
2 acres
� Football Stadium
= 4 Acres
�
Golf club= 9 holes (80 acres)
Table 4. Specifications of Sports complex
|
Items Item |
Playing Area |
Minimum Run-on |
|
Cricket Pitch |
65x16ft (pitch) |
150ft (playing area) |
|
Football |
344ftx 223ft |
357x 229ft |
|
Hockey |
298x180ft |
324x193ft |
|
Tennis |
77.9x32ft |
119x59ft |
|
Volleyball |
59x29ft |
78x42ft |
|
Basketball |
85x45ft |
98x59ft |
|
Badminton |
43.9x19ft |
52x26ft |
Measuring
the quality of parks and green spaces of Lahore and their design features
The British built barracks in the
castle quadrangles and public works projects in the garden suburbs in 1848.
Even after the Badshahi mosque was given to the Muslim community and the Hazuri
Bagh was renovated using modern archaeological techniques, the original fabric
of garden symbolism continued to erode (Ullah, Jiny, & Jin, 2018). In Punjab, the British imposed a new
way of life, which is evident in their landscape and architectural projects.
They chose a new form to demonstrate their rule over previous landscape architectural
achievements like the Shalimar Garden and Mughal monuments (Ullah et al., 2018).
The British began an urban expansion of
their major cities soon after occupying Punjab. New civil lines and a
cantonment were built in the south and southeast of Lahore, containing
racetracks, Tennis courts, parade grounds, and polo and cricket fields In the
twentieth century, Lawrence's garden grew and sold plants to the general
public, became a focal point of botanical and horticultural interest.
The British landscape reveals that
horticulture (the promotion of botany research and education) and entertainment
were important to them. The British Raj's considerable interest in sports and
amusement is demonstrated by the establishment of the Lahore Gymkhana (formerly
known as the Lahore & Mian Mir Institute) as an imperial emblem of power
and legacy. This complex was the social hub of the British era, where the upper
crust gathered to partake in sports and socialize with their peers.� It was forbidden for locals to enter. The
club only allowed a few local royalty members, including Muslim Nawabs and Sikh
lords. Despite its design for the top echelons of British society, the garden
became Lahore's first public park, with people of Muzand and Ichhra's old towns
permitted access.
Timurid gardens were developed in
Central Asia and Iran between the 14th and 16th centuries, and were the
inspiration for Mughal gardens. To enable for the building of a Charbagh
paradise garden - a microcosm of an earthly heaven - a high brick wall
elaborately adorned with delicate fretwork surrounds the location. The primary
entrance to Shalimar was on the lower-most terrace, which was only open to
nobles and the public on rare occasions. The Emperor's Garden, located on the
middle terrace, had the most extensive waterworks of any Mughal garden. The
Emperor's harem were to have the uppermost terrace.
Long fountains flanked by brick
khayaban walkways meant to be elevated to allow greater views of the garden
divided the square-shaped terraces into four comparable smaller squares.
Cascades were created to cascade into the center terrace along marble walkways
called chadors, or "curtains." Water pooled in a big pool called a
haz, which was surrounded by a sitting pavilion.
As a result, the Lawrence Garden on the upper mall was the
only British-built public garden in Lahore.It has a formalized area, a
botanical garden, a zoological garden, and a cricket pitch. A new design
concept and a unique landscape theme were also introduced (Hunt, 2015). Lahore was the capital of the Mughal
monarchy, and it became a significant metropolis after Akbar ordered its
fortification. Other Mughal towns in the Subcontinent, such as Delhi, Agra, and
Fatehpur Sikri, had gardens as well, but Lahore was the sole one (Ullah et al., 2018).
Figure 1 & 2 Concepts of the garden
from Mughal times
The Mughal gardens evolved from a turbulent period of
territorial and cultural change. Early Mughal monarchs transformed the
landscapes they viewed, as well as themselves. Previous research on Mughal
gardens has focused on the continuities of form, function, and meaning evident
in later Mughal sites like Lahore's Shalimar Garden, rather than these
landscape transition processes.
Figure 3 & 4 Jahangir�s tomb�s
garden
Figure 5 & 6 Lahore Fort Garden
Figure 7 & 8 view of Hazoori Bagh
and Shalimar Garden
Lahore's modernization, which was
influenced by early twentieth-century European socio-spatial policies,
dramatically changed the historic urban structure's green areas. A shift from
large-scale royal gardens to modern gardens was observed. Private courtyards
inside traditional houses served as the only outdoor spaces to gather family
members, relatives, and neighbors. Large boulevards and separate apartment
blocks are being replaced by large boulevards and different apartment blocks
for ideological, social, and economic reasons.
People subsequently migrated from their
private outdoor spaces to public ones as a result of these improvements and the
creation of new public green spaces referred to as "parks." The
secular authoritarian regime was overthrown by a conservative theocratic regime
during the Islamic Revolution in 1979. As a result of current attitudes and
actions, the dialectical interaction between public and private green areas has
entered a new phase.
Figure 9 & 10 City built-in gardens
Gardens arose at an era of territorial and
cultural upheaval. The early Mughal kings changed the sites they visited and
made required modifications based on their findings. Previous Mughal garden
studies has focused on the continuities of form, function, and meaning seen in
later Mughal settings, such as the Shalamar garden, rather than these landscape
transition processes.
Figure 11 & 12 Public parks Lahore
Plants contribute form and structure in
landscape design. Its goal is to look at the history and significance of
utilizing clipped plants for definition and form, as well as plants for texture
like leaves and bark, the beauty of green on green, the shape of an espalier as
a wall feature, and trimmed 'cloud' as a live sculptural element.
The Parks of London and their design
features
London, the business and industrial center
of the United Kingdom, is a vibrant, modern, and urban city bustling with
activity. Despite popular belief, London boasts over 400 green spaces.
Throughout Greater London, there are over a thousand parks and green places to
enjoy. Green areas include royal parks, common lands (or commons), public
gardens, city farms, converted churchyards, and specially designed open spaces
and gardens. While certain spots have acquired international acclaim, there are
still a number of lesser-known parks in London that are well worth a visit.
1.
Royal
Parks of London
In Greater London, Pedestrian safety and
security are vital, and safety audits should be done for all new road layout
proposals. By providing signage and regular seats where it is most required,
street furniture should be implemented to facilitate walking. Pedestrian routes
throughout the Park should be planned to be inclusive and accessible for all,
with a hard-standing surface and as few hills as feasible. Footpaths and
official crossings should be wide enough to meet future demand and cater to
pedestrian desire lines. To ensure that routes are accessible to all users,
walking surfaces should be constructed to minimize gradient changes and provide
appropriate design elements.
Figure 13 The Royal
Parks Movement Strategy
Source:
hackney.gov.uk
Following the dissolution of the
monasteries in the 1540s, Henry VIII gained control of a large portion of the
land that would later become the royal parks. Originally, these lands were
reserved for the royal family's exclusive hunting grounds. They were closed to
the public until the mid-nineteenth century, but they are now available for exploration,
enjoyment, and use
2.
Public Parks
In Hackney, Victoria Park, London's first
public park, was established in 1842. Shortly after, Battersea, Fins bury, and
Southward parks all opened to the public. Wide streets, big lakes, and lovely
bandstands and pavilions characterize all four parks. Due to rigorous
maintenance, several of these features have survived to this day.
Figure 14 minute enabling smart ecosystem
for public
Source: hackney.gov.uk
The public parks were built to bring more greenery and open
space to a city that had become increasingly urbanized over time. Victoria
Park's East End location made it more accessible to most working-class people
and provided a more relaxed alternative to Hyde Park, which was more affluent
3.
Common-land of London
In London, there are many "commons,"
also called "common-lands." The commons, in contrast to its parks,
which are sometimes gated and enclosed locations that create the idea of being
apart from the rest of the city, are substantially more open and accessible to
everyone. In comparison to the city's more developed parks, they're often a
touch wild and distant.
The Normans established common-lands in the eleventh
century. Manor owners made meadowland freely available to land laborers
throughout the period so that they could utilize it as a common grazing farm
once the harvest was completed. Workers were able to earn their own income as a
result of this.
Figure 15 Common-lands of London
Source: Park Grand London
As London's population grew and more property was enclosed
for private benefit, popular efforts to safeguard London's common-lands, such
as Hampstead Heath, arose. As a result of these campaigns, many commons such as
Hampstead Heath, Clapham Common, and Wimbledon Common remained accessible to
the public with unrestricted access. In reality, London contains over a hundred
commons scattered around the city
4.
Pleasure gardens
People began to create and build magnificent purpose-built
pleasure gardens that were purely for the entertainment of the public. Pleasure
gardens are also said as purpose gardens (built for some particular purpose).
Many of them were created to help the residents to heal themselves from
different ailments and illnesses. People spend holidays at such places. It was
noted that these purposeful parks are found mainly along watersides (springs).
Other parks such as Alexandra Palace and Park, are designed to accommodate both
indoor and outdoor activities.
Figure 16 Purpose-built parks
Source: London attractions
Several parks have been built particularly to memorialize or
host noteworthy events. The 1851 Exhibition was transferred from Hyde Park, and
Crystal Palace was built to hold it. You'll want to make sure you're prepared
for the day with so many parks and gardens to see during your visit to London
5.
Hyde Park, London
Hyde Park, one of London's eight Royal Parks, is a tranquil
oasis that stages world-class events. The 350-acre park, which runs along to
the Serpentine, is home to 4,000 trees, a meadow, and lovely flower gardens.
Among the well-known landmarks are the Serpentine Bridge, the Diana Memorial
Fountain, and the famous Achilles Statue. Everyone will find something to enjoy
at the park. Swimming, boating, and horseback riding are all available. The
park has previously served as a rallying point for many groups. If you visit on
a Sunday morning, make a point of going at Speaker's Corner, where people from
all walks of life gather to share their views with the rest of the world. From
November to January, you may visit the massive Winter Wonderland Christmas
market
The challenges to design in creating a successful park in
London and Lahore/research gap
Parks have vital recreational and
amenity value that should not be disregarded. Good Parks for may help define
criteria for high-quality green spaces, boost the position of council parks
services, and win policymakers' and decision-makers' support. However, this
value does not adequately reflect the entire value and purpose of parks, nor
the full contribution they make to local and national objectives when viewed in
isolation. The risk gap of a valuable service deteriorating or disappearing,
both as an amenity and for the contribution parks should offer to broader
policy goals such as community cohesiveness, air quality improvement, and
biodiversity
According to the literature, gardens
and parks in the United Kingdom were designed as a nobility's leisure garden
and a symbol of power and rank. Gardens are brilliantly designed on rocky
terrain. Walkways are built to take advantage of the natural topography of the
ground. The climate is the most important component, which is shown in the use
of shady trees and a large system of multiple fountains. The intricate system
of fountains was powered by gravity, taking advantage of the natural terrain of
the garden. Parks in the United Kingdom place a strong emphasis on views and
vistas. Designed to provide a pleasing setting for the entertainment and
amusement of a select few - a demonstration of the king's authority and
grandeur. Absolute control over nature necessitates reconstructing it and
changing its trees and plants into man-made geometric structures. Different
parts of the intersection are focused on. The central axis is a line that runs
from the top of the building to the horizon. The principal landscape qualities
are aligned with the central axis.
In Pakistan there are Former royal
gardens, parks have limited public access. Recreational, educational, botanical
garden, and zoo parks are all types of parks that are expressly designed for
public use, enjoyment, and education. Few parks carry Islamic flavor and novel
concept, the park's modern design to worldwide specifications makes it a
one-of-a-kind project in the globe�
CONCLUSION
Informants point out that the primary
issue in the planning context is political influence on planning decisions,
which is outside the scope of the planners' authority. Making policy is not
transparent enough. There is no planning policy document for the additional
territory that was added to the boundaries of the region that makes up Lahore
City in 2016. There is merely a new land use plan and a newspaper notification.
The new plan should be a comprehensive policy document that includes a map of
all the areas covered by the local Development Authority as well as all the
places that fall within its purview. The inclusion of healthy policies can be
threaded throughout the future plans; a separate chapter devoted to them is not
required. For example, regulations should focus on encouraging an active
lifestyle by enhancing sidewalks and pedestrian crossing indications and
allowing pedestrians the right to cross the road first rather than promoting a
car-friendly environment by expanding highways as a remedy for congestion. The
participants in the informant interviews cited safety as a major concern for
parks and other public areas. The right security elements can be added to park
gates to achieve this. Additionally supporting a healthy environment is the
City's urban planning. Urban regeneration initiatives should be implemented to
preserve historic structures and revitalize urban cores. Additionally, programs
that educate and raise people' awareness of issues like trash management and
street cleaning initiatives can enhance the quality of life in slums and
squatter communities.
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