RISK ASSESSMENT OF DAM MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY ON THE SEMANTOK DAM MANAGEMENT UNIT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58344/locus.v4i7.4398Keywords:
Risk, UPB, Dam, Operation, Maintenance, RFMEAAbstract
This study aims to assess the risks associated with the operation and maintenance activities of the Semantok Dam Management Unit (Unit Pengelola Bendungan, UPB) to support sustainable management. The method employed is a qualitative case study approach using Risk Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (RFMEA), which prioritizes risks based on Risk Score and Risk Priority Number (RPN). The results identified five main risks: (1) suboptimal irrigation services due to limitations in the water distribution network; (2) a mismatch between AKNOP values and actual needs and budget; (3) illegal structures along the dam embankment that interfere with monitoring functions; (4) inaccuracies in monitoring analysis due to insufficient human resource competence; and (5) the presence of wild plants that can interfere with visual inspections and potentially damage the dam structure, exacerbated by insufficient maintenance personnel. This study addresses a gap in the literature, which has primarily focused on technical risks or risks during the construction phase. The application of RFMEA in the context of dam management expands the scope of this method, which has been widely used in the industrial sector and project management. The findings provide important considerations for risk-informed budget planning, particularly in the formulation of the Operational and Maintenance Actual Need Value (AKNOP), ensuring that allocations reflect real-world, on-site requirements. Furthermore, policies are needed to strengthen the capacity of dam management units through targeted training, certification, increased personnel, and improved analysis of monitoring data. Lastly, policies to protect reservoir buffer zones should be reinforced, both through enhanced physical surveillance and legal approaches, to prevent illegal occupation and associated risks.
References
Adejumo, S. A., & Osunwale, S. (2024). Urban expansion and loss of watershed of Eleyele Dam in Ibadan, Nigeria. CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.7454/jid.v7.i1.1113
Ahmeti, R., & Vladi, B. (2017). Risk management in public sector: A literature review. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(1), 323. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p323-329
Aven, T., & Renn, O. (2009). On risk defined as an event where the outcome is uncertain. Journal of Risk Research, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870802488883
Bracci, E., Mouhcine, T., Rana, T., & Wickramasinghe, D. (2022). Risk management and management accounting control systems in public sector organizations: A systematic literature review. Public Money and Management, 42(6), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2021.1963071
Bravikawati, M., Oktaviani, C. Z., & Fauzi, M. (2022). Performance of operation and maintenance of the Keuliling Dam, Aceh Besar Regency. Journal of Civil Engineering and Planning Archives, 5(4), 337–345. https://doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v5i4.27608
Carbone, T. A., & Tippett, D. D. (2004). Project risk management using the project risk FMEA. Engineering Management Journal, 16(4), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10429247.2004.11415263
Chavan, V. (2019). Comparison and contrast of project risk analysis tools: A topic analysis measuring effectiveness of RFMEA over FMEA. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, 5(9), 17–26.
Coccon, M. N., Song, J., Ok, S. Y., & Galvanetto, U. (2017). A new approach to system reliability analysis of offshore structures using dominant failure modes identified by selective searching technique. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(6), 2360–2372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-1192-z
Dadashi, T., Hosseinpoor, S., & Mohammadi, A. (2024). A comprehensive protocol for evaluating health, safety, and environmental risks of hospital solid waste through FMEA technique. MethodsX, 12(May), 102760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2024.102760
Directorate General of Natural Resources. (2003). Guidelines for dam operation, maintenance, and observation Part 1 General.
Dytha, B. W., & Taufik, T. A. (2024). Risk analysis using risk failure mode and effect in implementation of integrated digital reporting with Power BI dashboard. Jurnal Teknobisnis, 8(2), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24609463.v8i2.1404
Escolano-Sánchez, F., & Fernández-Serrano, R. (2015). Hazards caused by uncontrolled vegetation and inadequate maintenance practice in earth dams. Tecnologia y Ciencias Del Agua, 6(6), 137–144.
Fernandes, R., Sieira, A., & Filho, A. M. (2022). Methodology for risk management in dams from the event tree and FMEA analysis. Soils and Rocks. https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.070221
Firdaus, I. A., & Irawan, M. I. (2024). Operational risk management of onshore processing facility using risk failure mode and effect analysis and fault tree analysis. Jurnal Teknobisnis, 8(1), 01–15. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24609463.v8i1.925
Firmansyah, R., & Sriyana, I. (2022). Saguling Dam risk assessment using traditional methods, event tree methods and ICOLD modification methods. Civil Engineering Vehicle: Journal of Civil Engineering Development, 27(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.32497/wahanats.v27i1.3673
Frinaldi, A., Putri, N. E., Embi, M. A., & Afdalisma. (2023). Public sector performance and digital-governance effectiveness predicted by community happiness as a representation of culture. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 10(2), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1398
Hadimuljono, B., & Kurniawan, P. (2022). Dam failure modes and monitoring techniques. Retrieved May 31, 2025, from Andi Yogyakarta website: https://siquest.uajy.ac.id/Description/0000061495
Harsoyo, B. (2018). Analysis of factors causing the collapse of the Situ Gintung embankment. Indonesian Water Journal, 6(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.29122/jai.v6i1.2453
International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD). (2018). Dam safety management: Operational phase of dams.
Juanizar, A. R., Suripin, S., Sriyana, I., & Suprapto, S. (2022). Probability analysis of Pacal Dam failure using the event tree analysis method. Borneo Engineering: Journal of Civil Engineering, 1(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.35334/be.v1i2.2652
Kassem, Y., Gökçeku?, H., Iravanian, A., & Nategh, M. (2022). Implications of the FMEA method in evaluating Amirkabir Dam’s environmental risk. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 26(1), 982–997. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0074
Ministry of PUPR. (2015). Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 27/PRT/M/2015 concerning dams.
Khamim, M., & Nur, A. S. (2022). Risk analysis of the Bagong Dam Package II project in Trenggalek Regency using the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) method. Online Journal of Construction Engineering Management Thesis (JOS-MRK), 3(4), 92–98.
Compass. (2011). History of the collapse of the Situ Gintung embankment on March 27, 2009, 100 people killed. Retrieved December 13, 2024, from https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/03/27/093000765/sejarah-jebolnya-tanggul-situ-gintung-27-maret-2009-100-orang-tewas?page=all
Natural Resources Compound. (2024). Ministry of Public Works supports food self-sufficiency in Indonesia through sustainable dam development and management - Directorate General of Water Resources. Retrieved December 13, 2024, from https://sda.pu.go.id/post/detail/kementerian_pekerjaan_umum_dukung_swasembada_pangan_di_indonesia_melalui_pembangunan_dan_pengelolaan_bendungan_yang_berkelanjutan
Natural Resources Compound. (2025). Six dams ready to be inaugurated in 2025 - Directorate General of Water Resources. Retrieved February 8, 2025, from https://sda.pu.go.id/post/detail/enam_bendungan_siap_diresmikan_pada_tahun_2025
Kowal, K., & Torabi, M. (2021). Failure mode and reliability study for electrical facility of the High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 210(July 2020), 107529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2021.107529
Leite, L. da S., de Farias Neto, A. R., de Lima, F. L., & Chaim, R. M. (2021). Analyzing and modeling critical risks in software development projects: A study based on RFMEA and systems dynamics. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1368 AISC(March 2021), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72654-6_3
Malik Sadat Idris, A., Christian Permadi, A. S., Angga Sukmara, M., Merlin Sianturi, U., & Astrianty Hazet, F. (2019). Strategic issues in dam operation and maintenance in Indonesia. Journal of Development Planning: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 3(2), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v3i2.76
Michalis, P., & Sentenac, P. (2021). Subsurface condition assessment of critical dam infrastructure with non-invasive geophysical sensing. Environmental Earth Sciences, 80(17), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09841-x
Mikulak, R. J., McDermott, R., & Beauregard, M. (2017). The basics of FMEA. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6_gvEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=fmea&ots=8m2Ebuax5w&sig=bJPU3afEFQUx2N6GSkncRNRpMyk
Nugroho, M. J., Bahartyan, E., Raymond, R., Hidayat, B., & Irawan, M. I. (2021). Root cause analysis of fires in coal power plants using RFMEA methods. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1096(1), 012100. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1096/1/012100
Last, Z. A. A., Nugroho, H., & Wikan Sadono, K. (2023). Risk index assessment of the Andersen modification method and ICOLD modification method for Palasari Dam, Gerokgak Dam and Benel Dam. Serambi Journal, VIII(1), 4873–4882. Retrieved from https://ojs.serambimekkah.ac.id/index.php/jse/article/view/5361
Pangestuti, D. C., Nastiti, H., & Husniaty, R. (2022). Operational risk analysis using the FMEA method. Journal of Accounting, Economics and Business Management, 10(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.30871/jaemb.v10i2.3235
Paul, V. K., & Basu, C. (2016). Scenario planning and risk failure mode effect and analysis (RFMEA) based management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management, 6(2), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.6106/jcepm.2016.6.2.024
Popescu-Busan, A. I., Ilinca, C., Nicoara, S. V., Constantin, A. T., & Anghel, C. G. (2019). Breach forming scenarios at concrete faced rock-fill dams. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/10/102049
Prasad, R., Sehra, R. S., Kumar, V., & Dixit, M. (2023). Dam safety & instrumentation-a case study. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS), 10(3), 1–5. Retrieved from www.ijeas.org
Pritchard, C. L. (2000). Advanced risk—how big is your crystal ball? Paper presented at Project Management Institute Annual Seminars & Symposium, Houston, TX. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.
PT Penjaminan Infrastruktur Indonesia. (2024). Risk allocation benchmark 2024.
Rana, T., Hoque, Z., & Jacobs, K. (2019). Public sector reform implications for performance measurement and risk management practice: Insights from Australia. Public Money and Management, 39(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2017.1407128
Riando, M., Darsono, S., & Nugroho, H. (2023). Modified Andersen and modified ICOLD (DOISP-2) methods of risk score for dams in West region of Indonesia. Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering, 4(3), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.32996/jmcie.2023.4.3.3
Rittenberg, L., & Martens, F. (2012). Understanding and communicating risk appetite. COSO.
Sant’Anna, A. P. (2012). Probabilistic priority numbers for failure modes and effects analysis. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 29(3), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656711211216171
Satrio, I. R. (2024). Dam safety risk assessment using the Andersen method for Haekrit Dam. Landscape: Theoretical and Applied Journal of Civil Engineering, 12(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.33558/bentang.v12i1.7169
Shaffiee Haghshenas, S., Lashteh Neshaei, M. A., Pourkazem, P., & Shaffiee Haghshenas, S. (2016). The risk assessment of dam construction projects using fuzzy TOPSIS (case study: Alavian Earth Dam). Civil Engineering Journal, 2(4), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000022
Shahin, A., Labib, A., Shirmohammadi, A. H., & Jamkhaneh, H. B. (2020). Developing a 3D decision-making grid based on failure modes and effects analysis with a case study in the steel industry. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-03-2019-0096
Shi, H., Liu, Z., & Liu, H. C. (2022). A new linguistic preference relation-based approach for failure mode and effect analysis with dynamic consensus reaching process. Information Sciences, 610, 977–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.08.043
Snooke, N., & Price, C. (2012). Automated FMEA based diagnostic symptom generation. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 26(4), 870–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2012.07.001
Suprapto, R. E., Japarussidik, J., Sriyana, S., & Sadono, K. W. (2021). Risk assessment of the Pelaparado Dam based on the ICOLD modification method and the risk index method. Engineering, 42(2), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v42i2.39715
Sutapa, I. K., Kader, I. M. S., Santiana, I. M. A., Wibawa, I. G. S., Yasa, I. M. T., & Suasira, I. W. (2021). Work accident risk analysis with FMEA (failure mode and effect analysis) method on steel frame bridge project. International Journal of Physical Sciences and Engineering, 5(3), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijpse.v5n3.2942
Wu, Z., Liu, W., & Nie, W. (2021). Literature review and prospect of the development and application of FMEA in manufacturing industry. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 112(5–6), 1409–1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06425-0
Yang, D., Wu, J., Guo, Z., Zeng, X., & Zhang, Q. (2024). Safety risk assessment of reservoir dam structure: An empirical study in China. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71156-1
Yin, R. K. (2020). Case study research and applications design and method. SAGE Publishing.
Zhang, S., Hou, W., Yin, J., & Lin, Z. (2022). A review of research and practice on the theory and technology of reservoir dam risk assessment. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(22), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214984
Zhu, Q., Golrizgashti, S., & Sarkis, J. (2021). Product deletion and supply chain repercussions: Risk management using FMEA. Benchmarking, 28(2), 409–437. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-01-2020-0007
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Yossi Apriana, Nurkholis Nurkholis , Yeney Widya Prihatiningtyas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-SA). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
