Analisis Kebijakan Kelapa Sawit dan Implikasi terhadap Keberlanjutan Ekologis
Main Article Content
Industri kelapa sawit Indonesia memainkan peran vital dalam perekonomian nasional sekaligus menimbulkan tantangan besar terhadap keberlanjutan ekologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika kebijakan sawit, implikasi ekologis, serta peran petani kecil dalam kerangka tata kelola berkelanjutan. Data dikumpulkan melalui analisis dokumen kebijakan, wawancara dengan pemangku kepentingan, serta observasi lapangan yang dikombinasikan dengan data sekunder ekologis dari citra satelit, laporan emisi, dan kajian biodiversitas terkini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan sawit Indonesia membentuk suatu policy mix yang kompleks, terdiri atas instrumen regulatif (ISPO, moratorium izin hutan primer/gambut), instrumen ekonomi (subsidi biodiesel melalui CPO Fund), dan instrumen informasi (sertifikasi dan keterlacakan spasial). Namun, koherensi antar-instrumen masih lemah. Subsidi biodiesel meningkatkan permintaan domestik CPO tetapi mendorong ekspansi lahan baru, yang kontradiktif dengan moratorium hutan primer dan gambut. Selain itu, implementasi ISPO masih terkendala kapasitas pengawasan daerah. Petani kecil menghadapi hambatan serius berupa keterbatasan legalitas lahan, biaya sertifikasi, akses pembiayaan, serta risiko eksklusi pasar akibat regulasi global seperti EUDR. Dampak ekologis ekspansi sawit meliputi deforestasi, degradasi lahan gambut, peningkatan emisi karbon, dan kehilangan biodiversitas. Upaya rewetting terbukti mampu menurunkan emisi, sementara pendekatan yurisdiksional dan forum multipihak menunjukkan potensi dalam memperkuat policy learning dan inklusi petani kecil. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keberhasilan transisi sawit berkelanjutan bergantung pada tiga faktor: koherensi policy mix, penguatan policy learning kolaboratif, serta inklusi petani kecil dengan dukungan kelembagaan dan teknologi. Rekomendasi kebijakan mencakup harmonisasi ISPO–RSPO, alokasi ulang dana CPO Fund untuk rehabilitasi ekosistem, serta integrasi safeguard ekologis dalam kebijakan biofuel nasional.
Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
Ayompe, L. M., Nkongho, R. N., Acobta, A. N., Masso, C., & Egoh, B. N. (2025). Transforming palm oil production: Sustainable techniques and waste management strategies for Cameroon's smallholder farmers. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1606323
Azima, A. B. M., Zaimah, R., Saad, S., et al. (2025). Smallholder’s sustainable oil palm production commitment: Predictive role of organizational, work-related, psychological, and personal factors. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development. 9. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd9412.
Benedict, J. J., & Heilmayr, R. (2024, October 8). Indonesian palm oil exports and deforestation (update). Stockholm Environment Institute. https://www.sei.org/features/indonesian-palm-oil-exports-and-deforestation/
Botterill-James, T., Yates, L. A., Buettel, J., & Brook, B. W. (2024). The future of Southeast Asia's biodiversity: A crisis with a hopeful alternative. Biological Conservation. 296. 110641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110641.
Choi, H.-A., Song, C., Lim, C.-H., Lee, W.-K., Yang, H., & Kim, R. (2024).
Synthesizing Recent Trends in Interventions and Key Ecosystem Services in Indonesian Peatland. Land, 13(3), 355.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land13030355
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). Sage
de Vos, R. E., Suwarno, A., Slingerland, M., van der Meer, P. J., & Lucey, J. M. (2023). Pre-certification conditions of independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia: Assessing prospects for RSPO certification. Land Use Policy, 130, 106660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106660
Ekaputri, A.D., Gaveau, D.L.A., Heilmayr, R. et al.(2025). Uneven participation of independent and contract smallholders in certified palm oil mill markets in Indonesia. Commun Earth Environ 6, 721. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247- 025-02683-6
Emerson, K., & Nabatchi, T. (2015). Collaborative governance regimes.
Georgetown University Press.
Hall, P. A. (1993). Policy paradigms, social learning, and the state: The case of economic policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics, 25(3), 275–296. https://doi.org/10.2307/422246
Hendrawan, D., Chrisendo, D., & Musshoff, O. (2024). Strengthening oil palm smallholder farmers’ resilience to future industrial challenges. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 12105. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62426-z
Hite, K & Pervaze, A.S. (2024). Implications of the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). Congressional Research Service Insight IF12777. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12777
Howlett, M. (2022). Policy design for complex governance systems: Instruments, mixes and techniques. Policy Sciences, 55(2), 211–232.
Jalilov, S.-M., Rochmayanto, Y., Hidayat, D. C., Raharjo, J. T., Mendham, D., & Langston, J. D. (2025). Unveiling economic dimensions of peatland restoration in Indonesia: A systematic literature review. Ecosystem Services, 71, 101693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101693
Kettunen-Matilainen, E., & Pratiwi, A. (2025). Towards collaborative EU-Indonesia bargaining on palm oil policy: deconstructing the public discourse. Asia Europe Journal. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-025-00732-5.
Macdonald, K., Diprose, R., Grabs, J., Schleifer, P., et al. (2024). Jurisdictional approaches to sustainable agro-commodity governance: The state of knowledge and future research directions. Earth System Governance. 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2024.100227.
Novita, N., Asyhari, A., Ritonga, R. P., Gangga, A., Anshari, G. Z., Jupesta, J., Bowen, J. C., Lestari, N. S., Kauffman, J. B., Hoyt, A. M., Perryman, C. R.,
Albar, I., Putra, C. A. S., Adinugroho, W. C., Winarno, B., Castro, M., Yeo, S., Budiarna, T., Yuono, E., & Sianipar, V. C. (2024). Strong climate mitigation potential of rewetting oil palm plantations on tropical peatlands.
Science of The Total Environment, 952, 175829.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175829
Ostfeld, R., & Reiner, D. M. (2024). Seeing the forest through the palms: Developments in environmentally sustainable palm oil production and zero- deforestation efforts. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1398877
Reich, C., & Musshoff, O. (2025). Oil palm smallholders and the road to certification: Insights from Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management, 375, 124303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124303
Rogge, K. S., & Reichardt, K. (2016). Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis. Research Policy, 45(8), 1620– 1635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004
RSPO. (2024). RSPO Impact Report 2024. Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. https://rspo.org/wp-content/uploads/RSPO_ImpactReport_2024.pdf
Sax, S. (2022, November). To be effective, zero-deforestation pledges need a critical mass, study shows. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/
Selva, D., Yule, C. M., & Drewer, J. (2024). Editorial: Biogeochemical and biodiversity impacts of oil palm land-use in Southeast Asia. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1441266
Suhardjo, I & Suparman, M. (2025). Harmonizing sustainability certification standards: the Indonesian palm oil case. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. 28. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.22434/ifamr.1218.
Supriatna, J., Djumarno, D., Saluy, A. B., & Kurniawan, D. (2024). Sustainability Analysis of Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations in Several Provinces in Indonesia. Sustainability, 16(11), 4383. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114383
U.S. Financial Times. (2024, June). Indonesia warns of ‘chaos’ from EU deforestation law. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/
