Simulasi Pengaruh Cofiring Biomassa Sawdust pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap terhadap Kinerja Sistem Pembakaran dan Efisiensi Boiler Menggunakan Aplikasi Simulasi Gate Cycle
Main Article Content
PLTU berbahan bakar batubara masih berperan penting dalam pemenuhan listrik nasional di tengah transisi energi, meskipun menghadapi tantangan ketersediaan bahan bakar, kualitas batubara, harga, dan dampak lingkungan. Sebagai upaya mendukung bauran energi nasional dan penurunan emisi, pemerintah mendorong penerapan cofiring biomassa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh cofiring biomassa jenis sawdust terhadap kinerja sistem pembakaran dan efisiensi boiler pada PLTU Suralaya Unit 5. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif melalui simulasi permodelan off-design menggunakan aplikasi GateCycle. Simulasi dilakukan pada empat skenario beban pembangkit, yaitu 378 MW, 432 MW, 486 MW, dan 540 MW, dengan komposisi campuran biomassa sebesar 0% hingga 10%. Parameter utama yang dianalisis meliputi coal flow, total air flow, dan efisiensi boiler akibat perubahan nilai kalor campuran batubara dan biomassa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan persentase biomassa menurunkan nilai kalor campuran bahan bakar, sehingga menyebabkan kenaikan kebutuhan coal flow dan udara pembakaran, serta menurunkan efisiensi boiler. Pada beban 378 MW, 432 MW, dan 486 MW, cofiring biomassa hingga 10% masih layak secara operasional karena coal flow tetap berada di bawah batas pulverizer. Namun, pada beban maksimum 540 MW, cofiring tidak direkomendasikan karena kebutuhan coal flow melampaui batas desain 380 ton/jam, sehingga memerlukan derating atau bahan bakar dengan nilai kalor lebih tinggi. Kesimpulannya, cofiring sawdust dapat diterapkan secara efektif pada beban menengah, tetapi pada beban penuh diperlukan pembatasan operasi agar kestabilan pembakaran dan kinerja boiler tetap terjaga.
Keywords:
Cofiring, Bahan Bakar, Modelling, Simulasi
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ASME (1978): ASME PTC 12.1 Closed Feedwater Heaters, ASME Stand PTC 12.1.
ASME (2008): ASME, Ptc 4 Steam Generator, 4, 147-173.
ASME PTC PM (2013): Performance Monitoring Guidelines For Steam Power Plants. Performance Test Codes, 2010.
Andersen KH et al., (2000) Deposit formation in a 150 Mwe utility PF-boiler during c0-combustion of coal and straw. Energy and Fuels, 2000;14.
Bahan Bakar Biomassa Sebagai Campuran Bahan Bakar Pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap, Kepmen ESDM, 1-19.
Balat, M. And Ayar,G., (2005). Biomass energy in the world, use of biomass and potential trends. Energy sources 27, no. 10 (2005): 931-940
Benti, N.E., Gurmesa, G.S., Argaw, T., Aneseyee, A.B., Gunta, S., Kassahun, G.B., Aga, G.S. and Asfaw, A.A., (2021). The current status, challenges and prospects of using biomass energy in Ethiopia. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 14, pp.1-24.
Bibi, A., Zhang, X. and Umar, M., (2021). The imperativeness of biomass energy consumption to the environmental sustainability of the United States revisited. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 28(4), pp.821-841.
Bilgili,F., Kocak, E., Bulut, U. And Kuskaya,S., (2017). Can biomass energy be an efficient policy tool for sustainable development?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, pp.830-845.
Destek, M.A., Sarkodie, S.A. and Asamoah, E.F., (2021). Does biomass energy drive environmental sustainability? An SDG perspective for top five biomass consuming countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, 149, p.106076.
ESDM (2022): 72F25-Web-Publish-Statistik-2022, Statistik Ketenagalistrikan Pln, 36, 1-114.
Favero, A., Daigneault, A. and Sohngen, B., 2020. Forests: Carbon sequestration, biomass energy, or both?. Science advances, 6(13), p.eaay6792.
Field, C.B., Campbell, J.E. and Lobell, D.B., (2008). Biomass energy:the scale of the potential resource. Trends in ecology & evolution, 23(2), pp.65-72.
Gavrikov, D., et al. (2020). Strategic Role of Base-Load Plants in Developing Power System. Emergy Strategy Reviews, 30, 100519.
Güney, T. and Kantar, K., (2020). Biomass energy consumption and sustainable development. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 27(8), pp.762-767.
Halim, M. A., Akter, M. S., Biswas, S., & Rahman, M. S. (2023). Integration of Renewable Energy Power Plants on a Large Scale and Flexible Demand in Bangladesh’s Electric Grid-A Case Study. Control System and Optimization Letters.
Hohenstein, W. G., & Wright, L. L. (1994) Biomass energy production in the United States: an overview. Biomass and Bioenergy, 6(3), 161-173.
Hall, D.O. (1991). Biomass energy. Energy policy, 19(8), 711-737.
Irfan, M., Elavarasan, R.M., Ahmad, M., Mohsin, M., Dagar, V. and Hao, Y., (2022). Prioritizing and overcoming biomass energy barriers: Application of AHP and G-TOPSIS approaches. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177, p.121524.
Ikhbar, S., & Rusmina, C. (2024). Optimalisasi Energi Biomassa: Solusi Energi TErbarukan untuk Ekonomi Hijau dengan Tinjauan Finansial dan Lingkungan. Jurnal Serambi Engineering.
Jayarathna, L., Kent, G., O'Hara, I. and Hobson, P., (2020). A Geographical Information System based framework to identify optimal location and size of biomass energy plants using single or multiple biomass types. Applied energy, 275, p.115398.
Jekayinfa, S.O., Orisaleye, J.I. and Pecenka, R., (2020). An assessment of potential resources for biomass energy in Nigeria. Resources, 9(8), p.92.
Kaygusuz, K. A. M. I. L., & Turker, M. F (2002). Biomass energy potential in Turkey. Reneweble Energy.
Kate Wieck-Hansen, Peter Overgaard, Ole Hede Larsen (2000) Biomass and Bioenergy; Cofiring coal and straw in a 150MW Power boiler experience.
Kim, G., Choi, S.K. and Seok, J.H., (2020). Does biomass energy consumption reduce total energy CO2 emissions in the US?. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(5), pp.953-967.
Larson, E.D. and Kartha, S., (2000). Expanding roles for modernized biomass energy. Energy for sustainable development, 4(3), pp.15-25.
Liu, J., Hu, H., Yu, S. S., & Trinh, H. (2023). Virtual power plant with renewable energy sources and energy storage systems for sustainable power grid-formation, control techniques and demand response. Energies.
Liu, Z., Saydaliev, H.B., Lan, J., Ali, S. and Anser, M.K., (2022). Assessing the effectiveness of biomass energy in mitigating CO2 emissions: Evidence from Top-10 biomass energy consumer countries. Renewable Energy, 191, pp.842-851.
Magazzino, C., Mele, M., Schneider, N. and Shahbaz, M., (2021). Can biomass energy curtail environmental pollution? A quantum model approach to Germany. Journal of Environmental Management, 287, p.112293.
Mao, G., Huang, N., Chen, L. And Wang, H., (2018). Research on biomass energy and environment from the past to the future: Abibliometric analysis. Science of the total environment, 635,pp. 1081-1090.
Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Indonesia (2022a): Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia No.77 Tahun 2022 tentang Kebijakan Mineral dan Batubara Nasional, Kepmen ESDM, 1-46.
Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Indonesia (2023); Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia No.12 Tahun 2023 tentang Pemanfaatan
Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., Safari, A. and Mustaffa, W.E.S.B., (2011). Biomass energy in Malaysia: Current state and prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(7), pp.3360-3370.
Nielsen C. Increased use of biomass, (1996). The Danish Solution. Third Munich Discussion Meeting: Energy Conversion from Biomass Fuels, 1996.
PLN (2021): Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) PT PLN (Persero) 2021-2030.,Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik 2021-2030, 2019-2028
Parinduri, Luthfi, Taufik Parinduri, K. Kunci, and E. Fosil. (2020). Konversi biomassa sebagai sumber energi terbarukan. Journal of Electrical Technology. Jun;5(2): 88-92.
Pata, U.K., Kartal, M.T., Adebayo, T.S. and Ullah, S., (2023). Enhancing environmental quality in the United States by linking biomass energy consumption and load capacity factor. Geoscience Frontiers, 14(3), p.101531.
Rashidi, N.A., Chai, Y.H. and Yusup, S., (2022). Biomass energy in Malaysia: current scenario, policies, and implementation challenges. Bioenergy research, 15(3), pp.1371-1386.
Rosillo-Calle, F., (2016). A review of biomass energy shortcomings and concerns. Journal of chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 91(7), pp. 1933-1945.
Saghir, M., Zafar, S., Tahir, A., Ouadi, M., Siddique, B. and Hornung, A., (2019). Unlocking the potential of biomass energy in Pakistan. Frontiers in Energy Research, 7, p.24.
Shah, S.A.R., Naqvi, S.A.A., Riaz, S., Anwar, S. and Abbas, N., (2020). Nexus of biomass energy, key determinants of economic development and environment: A fresh evidence from Asia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, p.110244.
Solarin, S.A., Al-Mulali, U., Gan, G.G.G. and Shahbaz, M., (2018). The impact of biomass energy consumption on pollution: evidence from 80 developed and developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, pp.22641-22657.
Tun, M.M., Juchelkova, D., Win, M.M., Thu, A.M. and Puchor, T., (2019). Biomass energy : An overview of biomass sources, energy potential, and management in Southeast Asian countries. Resources, 8(2), p.81.
Wang, Z., Bui, Q., Zhang, B. and Pham, T.L.H., (2020). Biomass energy production and its impacts on the ecological footprint: an investigation of the G7 countries. Science of the Total Environment, 743, p.140741.
Wang, C., Raza, S.A., Adebayo, T.S., Yi, S. and Shah, M.I., (2023). The roles of hydro, nuclear and biomass energy towards carbon neutrality target in China: a policy-based analysis. Energy, 262, p.125303.
Yan, P., Xiao, C., Xu, L., Yu, G., Li, A., Piao, S. and He, N., (2020). Biomass energy in China's terrestrial ecosystems: Insights into the nation's sustainable energy supply. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 127, p.109857.
Yasin, C.M., Lesmana, B., Praditya, A., Ferlinta, W., and Ramanda, Y. (2021): Road Map Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Batubara, 68-113.
Yokoyama, S.Y., Ogi, T. and Nalampoon, A., (2000). Biomass energy potential in Thailand. Biomass and Bioenergy, 18(5), pp.405-410.
Zafar, M.W., Sinha, A., Ahmed, Z., Qin, Q. and Zaidi, S.A.H., (2021). Effects of biomass energy consumption on environmental quality: the role of education and technology in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 142, p.110868.
Zheng, C., et al. (2019). Role of Large-Scale Power Plants in Grid Stability under Hugh Demand Conditions. Applied Energy, 253, 113529.
Alfarisyi, M., Dharmawan, A., and Miswar, D.Y. (2022): Optimasi Kebutuhan Udara Pembakaran Batubara Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Boiler PLTU Tanjung Awar Awar, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Energi Dan Mineral, 2(1), 702-708. http://doi.org/10.53026/sntem.v2i1.660
ASME (1978): ASME PTC 12.1 Closed Feedwater Heaters, ASME Stand PTC 12.1.
ASME (2008): ASME, Ptc 4 Steam Generator, 4, 147-173.
ASME PTC PM (2013): Performance Monitoring Guidelines For Steam Power Plants. Performance Test Codes, 2010.
Andersen KH et al., (2000) Deposit formation in a 150 Mwe utility PF-boiler during c0-combustion of coal and straw. Energy and Fuels, 2000;14.
Bahan Bakar Biomassa Sebagai Campuran Bahan Bakar Pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap, Kepmen ESDM, 1-19.
Balat, M. And Ayar,G., (2005). Biomass energy in the world, use of biomass and potential trends. Energy sources 27, no. 10 (2005): 931-940
Benti, N.E., Gurmesa, G.S., Argaw, T., Aneseyee, A.B., Gunta, S., Kassahun, G.B., Aga, G.S. and Asfaw, A.A., (2021). The current status, challenges and prospects of using biomass energy in Ethiopia. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 14, pp.1-24.
Bibi, A., Zhang, X. and Umar, M., (2021). The imperativeness of biomass energy consumption to the environmental sustainability of the United States revisited. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 28(4), pp.821-841.
Bilgili,F., Kocak, E., Bulut, U. And Kuskaya,S., (2017). Can biomass energy be an efficient policy tool for sustainable development?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, pp.830-845.
Destek, M.A., Sarkodie, S.A. and Asamoah, E.F., (2021). Does biomass energy drive environmental sustainability? An SDG perspective for top five biomass consuming countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, 149, p.106076.
ESDM (2022): 72F25-Web-Publish-Statistik-2022, Statistik Ketenagalistrikan Pln, 36, 1-114.
Favero, A., Daigneault, A. and Sohngen, B., 2020. Forests: Carbon sequestration, biomass energy, or both?. Science advances, 6(13), p.eaay6792.
Field, C.B., Campbell, J.E. and Lobell, D.B., (2008). Biomass energy:the scale of the potential resource. Trends in ecology & evolution, 23(2), pp.65-72.
Gavrikov, D., et al. (2020). Strategic Role of Base-Load Plants in Developing Power System. Emergy Strategy Reviews, 30, 100519.
Güney, T. and Kantar, K., (2020). Biomass energy consumption and sustainable development. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 27(8), pp.762-767.
Halim, M. A., Akter, M. S., Biswas, S., & Rahman, M. S. (2023). Integration of Renewable Energy Power Plants on a Large Scale and Flexible Demand in Bangladesh’s Electric Grid-A Case Study. Control System and Optimization Letters.
Hohenstein, W. G., & Wright, L. L. (1994) Biomass energy production in the United States: an overview. Biomass and Bioenergy, 6(3), 161-173.
Hall, D.O. (1991). Biomass energy. Energy policy, 19(8), 711-737.
Irfan, M., Elavarasan, R.M., Ahmad, M., Mohsin, M., Dagar, V. and Hao, Y., (2022). Prioritizing and overcoming biomass energy barriers: Application of AHP and G-TOPSIS approaches. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177, p.121524.
Ikhbar, S., & Rusmina, C. (2024). Optimalisasi Energi Biomassa: Solusi Energi TErbarukan untuk Ekonomi Hijau dengan Tinjauan Finansial dan Lingkungan. Jurnal Serambi Engineering.
Jayarathna, L., Kent, G., O'Hara, I. and Hobson, P., (2020). A Geographical Information System based framework to identify optimal location and size of biomass energy plants using single or multiple biomass types. Applied energy, 275, p.115398.
Jekayinfa, S.O., Orisaleye, J.I. and Pecenka, R., (2020). An assessment of potential resources for biomass energy in Nigeria. Resources, 9(8), p.92.
Kaygusuz, K. A. M. I. L., & Turker, M. F (2002). Biomass energy potential in Turkey. Reneweble Energy.
Kate Wieck-Hansen, Peter Overgaard, Ole Hede Larsen (2000) Biomass and Bioenergy; Cofiring coal and straw in a 150MW Power boiler experience.
Kim, G., Choi, S.K. and Seok, J.H., (2020). Does biomass energy consumption reduce total energy CO2 emissions in the US?. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(5), pp.953-967.
Larson, E.D. and Kartha, S., (2000). Expanding roles for modernized biomass energy. Energy for sustainable development, 4(3), pp.15-25.
Liu, J., Hu, H., Yu, S. S., & Trinh, H. (2023). Virtual power plant with renewable energy sources and energy storage systems for sustainable power grid-formation, control techniques and demand response. Energies.
Liu, Z., Saydaliev, H.B., Lan, J., Ali, S. and Anser, M.K., (2022). Assessing the effectiveness of biomass energy in mitigating CO2 emissions: Evidence from Top-10 biomass energy consumer countries. Renewable Energy, 191, pp.842-851.
Magazzino, C., Mele, M., Schneider, N. and Shahbaz, M., (2021). Can biomass energy curtail environmental pollution? A quantum model approach to Germany. Journal of Environmental Management, 287, p.112293.
Mao, G., Huang, N., Chen, L. And Wang, H., (2018). Research on biomass energy and environment from the past to the future: Abibliometric analysis. Science of the total environment, 635,pp. 1081-1090.
Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Indonesia (2022a): Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia No.77 Tahun 2022 tentang Kebijakan Mineral dan Batubara Nasional, Kepmen ESDM, 1-46.
Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Indonesia (2023); Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia No.12 Tahun 2023 tentang Pemanfaatan
Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., Safari, A. and Mustaffa, W.E.S.B., (2011). Biomass energy in Malaysia: Current state and prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(7), pp.3360-3370.
Nielsen C. Increased use of biomass, (1996). The Danish Solution. Third Munich Discussion Meeting: Energy Conversion from Biomass Fuels, 1996.
PLN (2021): Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) PT PLN (Persero) 2021-2030.,Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik 2021-2030, 2019-2028
Parinduri, Luthfi, Taufik Parinduri, K. Kunci, and E. Fosil. (2020). Konversi biomassa sebagai sumber energi terbarukan. Journal of Electrical Technology. Jun;5(2): 88-92.
Pata, U.K., Kartal, M.T., Adebayo, T.S. and Ullah, S., (2023). Enhancing environmental quality in the United States by linking biomass energy consumption and load capacity factor. Geoscience Frontiers, 14(3), p.101531.
Rashidi, N.A., Chai, Y.H. and Yusup, S., (2022). Biomass energy in Malaysia: current scenario, policies, and implementation challenges. Bioenergy research, 15(3), pp.1371-1386.
Rosillo-Calle, F., (2016). A review of biomass energy shortcomings and concerns. Journal of chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 91(7), pp. 1933-1945.
Saghir, M., Zafar, S., Tahir, A., Ouadi, M., Siddique, B. and Hornung, A., (2019). Unlocking the potential of biomass energy in Pakistan. Frontiers in Energy Research, 7, p.24.
Shah, S.A.R., Naqvi, S.A.A., Riaz, S., Anwar, S. and Abbas, N., (2020). Nexus of biomass energy, key determinants of economic development and environment: A fresh evidence from Asia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, p.110244.
Solarin, S.A., Al-Mulali, U., Gan, G.G.G. and Shahbaz, M., (2018). The impact of biomass energy consumption on pollution: evidence from 80 developed and developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, pp.22641-22657.
Tun, M.M., Juchelkova, D., Win, M.M., Thu, A.M. and Puchor, T., (2019). Biomass energy : An overview of biomass sources, energy potential, and management in Southeast Asian countries. Resources, 8(2), p.81.
Wang, Z., Bui, Q., Zhang, B. and Pham, T.L.H., (2020). Biomass energy production and its impacts on the ecological footprint: an investigation of the G7 countries. Science of the Total Environment, 743, p.140741.
Wang, C., Raza, S.A., Adebayo, T.S., Yi, S. and Shah, M.I., (2023). The roles of hydro, nuclear and biomass energy towards carbon neutrality target in China: a policy-based analysis. Energy, 262, p.125303.
Yan, P., Xiao, C., Xu, L., Yu, G., Li, A., Piao, S. and He, N., (2020). Biomass energy in China's terrestrial ecosystems: Insights into the nation's sustainable energy supply. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 127, p.109857.
Yasin, C.M., Lesmana, B., Praditya, A., Ferlinta, W., and Ramanda, Y. (2021): Road Map Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Batubara, 68-113.
Yokoyama, S.Y., Ogi, T. and Nalampoon, A., (2000). Biomass energy potential in Thailand. Biomass and Bioenergy, 18(5), pp.405-410.
Zafar, M.W., Sinha, A., Ahmed, Z., Qin, Q. and Zaidi, S.A.H., (2021). Effects of biomass energy consumption on environmental quality: the role of education and technology in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 142, p.110868.
Zheng, C., et al. (2019). Role of Large-Scale Power Plants in Grid Stability under Hugh Demand Conditions. Applied Energy, 253, 113529.
