Analysis of Factors Affecting Safety Behavior in Electrical Distribution Network Maintenance and Operation Officers
Main Article Content
Workplace accident data at PT PLN (Persero) shows that the distribution sector still contributes the highest number of incidents compared to other sectors. This study aims to analyze the effect of Safety Leadership and Safety Training on Safety Behavior with Safety Awareness as a mediating variable in electricity distribution, network maintenance and operation personnel. This study uses a quantitative approach with the Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method. The research sample consisted of 117 respondents from technical workers of the PT Cita Yasa Perdana distribution network at PLN UP3 Situbondo. Data collection was carried out through a structured questionnaire. The results showed that Safety Training had a positive and significant effect on Safety Awareness (? = 0.826; t = 8.049; p < 0.001), and Safety Awareness had a positive and significant effect on Safety Behavior (? = 0.583; t = 3.592; p < 0.001). In contrast, Safety Leadership did not significantly influence Safety Awareness (? = 0.057; p = 0.617) or Safety Behavior (? = -0.048; p = 0.745). Safety Training also did not significantly influence Safety Behavior at the 5% significance level (? = 0.364; p = 0.067). In addition, Safety Awareness was proven to mediate the influence of Safety Training on Safety Behavior, but did not mediate the influence of Safety Leadership on Safety Behavior. Practically, the results of this study indicate that improving worker safety behavior is more effective through strengthening the quality of Safety Training that can increase Safety Awareness, compared to a direct leadership approach. These findings are expected to be input for PLN in designing strategies to strengthen safety training programs and developing policies to support the zero accident target.
Keywords:
Safety Leadership, Safety Training, Safety Awareness, Safety Behavior, SEM-PLS
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Alshammari, T. M., Rabi, M., Al-Kheetan, M. J., & Alkherret, A. J. (2025). The Influence of Managers’ Safety Perceptions and Practices on Construction Workers’ Safety Behaviors in Saudi Arabian Projects: The Mediating Roles of Workers’ Safety Awareness, Competency, and Safety Actions. Safety, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030077
Alzarrad, A., Miller, M., Durham, L., & Chowdhury, S. (2024). Revolutionizing construction safety: introducing a cutting-edge virtual reality interactive system for training US construction workers to mitigate fall hazards. Frontiers in Built Environment, 10(April), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1320175
Amirah, N. A., Him, N. F. N., Rashid, A., Rasheed, R., Zaliha, T. N., & Afthanorhan, A. (2024). Fostering a safety culture in manufacturing through Safety Behavior: A structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Safety and Sustainability, 1(2), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsasus.2024.03.001
Ayim Gyekye, S., & Salminen, S. (2007). Workplace Safety Perceptions and Perceived Organizational Support: Do Supportive Perceptions Influence Safety Perceptions? International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 13(2), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2007.11076721
Ayu Syafitri, D., & Faidal. (2024). Pengaruh Safety Leadership dan Safety Culture terhadap Safety Behavior melalui Safety Awareness di Wisata Pantai Matahari Sumenep. Management Studies and Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(2), 5349–5359. Retrieved from http://journal.yrpipku.com/index.php/msej
Benson, C., Obasi, I. C., Akinwande, D. V., & Ile, C. (2024). The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. Heliyon, 10(1), e23604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604
B??, P., & Strza?kowski, P. (2024). Analysis of the Effectiveness of Safety Training Methods. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072732
Burke, M. J., Sarpy, S. A., Smith-Crowe, K., Chan-Serafin, S., Salvador, R. O., & Islam, G. (2006). Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059840
Chin. (2015). No Title. Calculate Result of PLS Algorthm, 3.
Cooper, D. (2002). Safety_Culture_Understanding_a_Difficult_Concept Cooper.Pdf. Professional Safety.
DeArmond, S., Bass, B. I., Cigularov, K. P., Chen, P., & Moore, J. T. (2018). Leadership and safety: the role of goal commitment. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness, 5(2), 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-07-2017-0066
Dyreborg, J., Lipscomb, H. J., Nielsen, K., Törner, M., Rasmussen, K., Frydendall, K. B., … Kines, P. (2022). Safety interventions for the prevention of accidents at work: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1234
Elosta, M., & Alzubi, A. (2024). The Interplay Between Safety Leadership and Construction Workers’ Safety Behavior: Do Perceived Employer Safety Obligations Matter? Buildings, 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113650
Evi, T., Rachbini, W., & Group, T. M. (2023). PLS Teori dan Praktik. Tahta Media Group, 1–23.
Fahr, A. (2008). Structural Equation. The International Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecs108
Faradico, A. C. (2024). The Influence of Safety Leadership Through Safety Behaviour on Work Accident in Can Department of PT. XYZ. Asian Journal of Management Analytics, 3(3), 837–848. https://doi.org/10.55927/ajma.v3i3.10111
Fruhen, L. S., Andrei, D. M., & Griffin, M. A. (2022). Leaders as motivators and meaning makers: How perceived leader behaviors and leader safety commitment attributions shape employees’ Safety Behaviors. Safety Science, 152(April), 105775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105775
Geller, E. S. (2020). Gellar, E. S. (2001). The psycology of safety hanbook. CRC Press, (December 1992).
Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 117(3), 442–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130
Irpan, E., Sukwika, T., & Setiawan, E. (2025). Pengaruh pelatihan keselamatan kerja terhadap kesadaran dan kepatuhan karyawan pada perusahaan manufaktur urea dan ammonia. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Husada: Health Sciences Journal, 16(01), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.34305/jikbh.v16i01.1570
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as The Source of Learning and Development. Prentice Hall, Inc., (1984), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7223-8.50017-4
Li, C., Chen, Z., Wu, Y., Zuo, X., Jin, H., Xu, Y., … Wan, Y. (2022). Impact of green finance on China’s high-quality economic development, environmental pollution, and energy consumption. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10(November), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1032586
Li, K., & Griffin, M. A. (2022). Safety Behaviors and job satisfaction during the pandemic: The mediating roles of uncertainty and managerial commitment. Journal of Safety Research, 82, 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2022.05.008
Mila Hikmatul Ulawia, & Adithya Sudiarno. (2025). The Influence Of Safety Leadership And Safety Knowledge On Safety Attitude And Safety Citizenship Behaviour. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Manajemen Industri Terapan, 4(3), 777–788. https://doi.org/10.55826/jtmit.v4i3.1009
Moon, K. (2024). Effect of a Safety Leadership Training Including Coaching on Safety Performance and Climate in Wood-processing Companies. Safety and Health at Work, 15(3), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2024.05.005
Narendra, M. D., & Dudija, N. (2024). The Influence of Safety Leadership and Working Condition on Safety Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 5(5), 1142–1145. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v5i5.1171
Niu, L., & Liu, Y. (2022). The Relationship Between Leadership Safety Commitment and Resilience Safety Participation Behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15(March), 517–531. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S349712
Ott, D. L. (2024). Social Learning Theory. Elgar Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Management. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803928180.ch33
Pamungkas, M. C. D., & Dewi, R. S. (2024). Analyzing the Influence of Safety Leadership, Work Pressure, and Safety Culture on Worker Safety Behavior in Steam Power Plant. Jurnal Teknobisnis, 10(01), 01–09. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24609463.v10i01.2066
Ramadhani, N. N., Nasrul, Syaifuddin, D. T., Maharani, S. W., & Putera, A. (2024). Analisis Mediasi Kepuasan Kerja Pada Pengaruh Kesehatan Kerja, Keselamatan Kerja, Dan Lingkungan Kerja. Jurnal HOMANIS: Halu Oleo Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 1(1), 14–31.
Reason, J. (1998). Achieving a safe culture?: theory and practice, 12(3), 293–306.
Robson, L. S., Stephenson, C. M., Schulte, P. A., Amick, B. C., Irvin, E. L., Eggerth, D. E., … Grubb, P. L. (2012). A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and Safety Training. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 38(3), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3259
Sadili, F., & Faidal, F. (2024). Analysis of the Influence of Safety Leadership on Safety Behavior Through Safety Awwernes, Safety Climate, Safety Citizen Behavior At Boekit Tawap Saronggi Tourism Objects. Dynamic Management Journal, 8(1), 299. https://doi.org/10.31000/dmj.v8i1.10333
Safety, E. (2021). IEEE industry applications society. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 13(1), C3–C3. https://doi.org/10.1109/tste.2021.3131897
Stone, R. W. (1931). Industrial Accident Prevention . H. W. Heinrich . Social Service Review. https://doi.org/10.1086/630904
Umar, H. (2008). No Title. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo.
Uzuntarla, F., Kucukali, S., & Uzuntarla, Y. (2020). An analysis on the relationship between Safety Awareness and Safety Behaviors of healthcare professionals, Ankara/Turkey. Journal of Occupational Health, 62(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12129
Wibawanti, A. B., Sanny, L., Siahaan, D., & Djati, S. P. (2024). How Safety Leadership, social capital, and Safety Awareness affect safety citizenship behavior: a mediation perspective. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 10(1), 432. https://doi.org/10.29210/020243815
Won, S., Choi, J., & Kim, K. (2024). Development of Sustainable Industrial Safety and Health Policy for Electronic Industry in Korea: A Study on the Relationship Between Safety Leadership of Managers, Safety Climate, and Safety Behavior. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310308
Woods, D. D., & Hollnagel, E. (2018). Prologue: Resilience Engineering Concepts. Resilience Engineering, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315605685-1
Wu, T. C. (2008). Safety Leadership in the teaching laboratories of electrical and electronic engineering departments at Taiwanese Universities. Journal of Safety Research, 39(6), 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.10.003
Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Liu, S., & Zhou, Q. (2024). Enhancing work Safety Behavior through supply chain safety management in small and medium sized manufacturing suppliers. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73098-0
Zhang, S., Hua, X., Huang, G., & Shi, X. (2022). How Does Leadership in Safety Management Affect Employees’ Safety Performance? A Case Study from Mining Enterprises in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106187
Zohar, D. (2002). Modifying supervisory practices to improve subunit safety: a leadership-based intervention model. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.156
Zulkifly, S. S., Hasan, N. H., & Zain, A. Z. M. (2023). Influencing Factors towards Safety Awareness among Instructors in Selected Public TVET Institutions. Global Research Review in Business and Economics, 9(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.56805/grrbe.23.9.1.2
Alshammari, T. M., Rabi, M., Al-Kheetan, M. J., & Alkherret, A. J. (2025). The Influence of Managers’ Safety Perceptions and Practices on Construction Workers’ Safety Behaviors in Saudi Arabian Projects: The Mediating Roles of Workers’ Safety Awareness, Competency, and Safety Actions. Safety, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030077
Alzarrad, A., Miller, M., Durham, L., & Chowdhury, S. (2024). Revolutionizing construction safety: introducing a cutting-edge virtual reality interactive system for training US construction workers to mitigate fall hazards. Frontiers in Built Environment, 10(April), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1320175
Amirah, N. A., Him, N. F. N., Rashid, A., Rasheed, R., Zaliha, T. N., & Afthanorhan, A. (2024). Fostering a safety culture in manufacturing through Safety Behavior: A structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Safety and Sustainability, 1(2), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsasus.2024.03.001
Ayim Gyekye, S., & Salminen, S. (2007). Workplace Safety Perceptions and Perceived Organizational Support: Do Supportive Perceptions Influence Safety Perceptions? International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 13(2), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2007.11076721
Ayu Syafitri, D., & Faidal. (2024). Pengaruh Safety Leadership dan Safety Culture terhadap Safety Behavior melalui Safety Awareness di Wisata Pantai Matahari Sumenep. Management Studies and Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(2), 5349–5359. Retrieved from http://journal.yrpipku.com/index.php/msej
Benson, C., Obasi, I. C., Akinwande, D. V., & Ile, C. (2024). The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. Heliyon, 10(1), e23604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604
B??, P., & Strza?kowski, P. (2024). Analysis of the Effectiveness of Safety Training Methods. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072732
Burke, M. J., Sarpy, S. A., Smith-Crowe, K., Chan-Serafin, S., Salvador, R. O., & Islam, G. (2006). Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059840
Chin. (2015). No Title. Calculate Result of PLS Algorthm, 3.
Cooper, D. (2002). Safety_Culture_Understanding_a_Difficult_Concept Cooper.Pdf. Professional Safety.
DeArmond, S., Bass, B. I., Cigularov, K. P., Chen, P., & Moore, J. T. (2018). Leadership and safety: the role of goal commitment. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness, 5(2), 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-07-2017-0066
Dyreborg, J., Lipscomb, H. J., Nielsen, K., Törner, M., Rasmussen, K., Frydendall, K. B., … Kines, P. (2022). Safety interventions for the prevention of accidents at work: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1234
Elosta, M., & Alzubi, A. (2024). The Interplay Between Safety Leadership and Construction Workers’ Safety Behavior: Do Perceived Employer Safety Obligations Matter? Buildings, 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113650
Evi, T., Rachbini, W., & Group, T. M. (2023). PLS Teori dan Praktik. Tahta Media Group, 1–23.
Fahr, A. (2008). Structural Equation. The International Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecs108
Faradico, A. C. (2024). The Influence of Safety Leadership Through Safety Behaviour on Work Accident in Can Department of PT. XYZ. Asian Journal of Management Analytics, 3(3), 837–848. https://doi.org/10.55927/ajma.v3i3.10111
Fruhen, L. S., Andrei, D. M., & Griffin, M. A. (2022). Leaders as motivators and meaning makers: How perceived leader behaviors and leader safety commitment attributions shape employees’ Safety Behaviors. Safety Science, 152(April), 105775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105775
Geller, E. S. (2020). Gellar, E. S. (2001). The psycology of safety hanbook. CRC Press, (December 1992).
Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 117(3), 442–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130
Irpan, E., Sukwika, T., & Setiawan, E. (2025). Pengaruh pelatihan keselamatan kerja terhadap kesadaran dan kepatuhan karyawan pada perusahaan manufaktur urea dan ammonia. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Husada: Health Sciences Journal, 16(01), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.34305/jikbh.v16i01.1570
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as The Source of Learning and Development. Prentice Hall, Inc., (1984), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7223-8.50017-4
Li, C., Chen, Z., Wu, Y., Zuo, X., Jin, H., Xu, Y., … Wan, Y. (2022). Impact of green finance on China’s high-quality economic development, environmental pollution, and energy consumption. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10(November), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1032586
Li, K., & Griffin, M. A. (2022). Safety Behaviors and job satisfaction during the pandemic: The mediating roles of uncertainty and managerial commitment. Journal of Safety Research, 82, 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2022.05.008
Mila Hikmatul Ulawia, & Adithya Sudiarno. (2025). The Influence Of Safety Leadership And Safety Knowledge On Safety Attitude And Safety Citizenship Behaviour. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Manajemen Industri Terapan, 4(3), 777–788. https://doi.org/10.55826/jtmit.v4i3.1009
Moon, K. (2024). Effect of a Safety Leadership Training Including Coaching on Safety Performance and Climate in Wood-processing Companies. Safety and Health at Work, 15(3), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2024.05.005
Narendra, M. D., & Dudija, N. (2024). The Influence of Safety Leadership and Working Condition on Safety Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 5(5), 1142–1145. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v5i5.1171
Niu, L., & Liu, Y. (2022). The Relationship Between Leadership Safety Commitment and Resilience Safety Participation Behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15(March), 517–531. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S349712
Ott, D. L. (2024). Social Learning Theory. Elgar Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Management. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803928180.ch33
Pamungkas, M. C. D., & Dewi, R. S. (2024). Analyzing the Influence of Safety Leadership, Work Pressure, and Safety Culture on Worker Safety Behavior in Steam Power Plant. Jurnal Teknobisnis, 10(01), 01–09. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24609463.v10i01.2066
Ramadhani, N. N., Nasrul, Syaifuddin, D. T., Maharani, S. W., & Putera, A. (2024). Analisis Mediasi Kepuasan Kerja Pada Pengaruh Kesehatan Kerja, Keselamatan Kerja, Dan Lingkungan Kerja. Jurnal HOMANIS: Halu Oleo Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 1(1), 14–31.
Reason, J. (1998). Achieving a safe culture?: theory and practice, 12(3), 293–306.
Robson, L. S., Stephenson, C. M., Schulte, P. A., Amick, B. C., Irvin, E. L., Eggerth, D. E., … Grubb, P. L. (2012). A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and Safety Training. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 38(3), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3259
Sadili, F., & Faidal, F. (2024). Analysis of the Influence of Safety Leadership on Safety Behavior Through Safety Awwernes, Safety Climate, Safety Citizen Behavior At Boekit Tawap Saronggi Tourism Objects. Dynamic Management Journal, 8(1), 299. https://doi.org/10.31000/dmj.v8i1.10333
Safety, E. (2021). IEEE industry applications society. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 13(1), C3–C3. https://doi.org/10.1109/tste.2021.3131897
Stone, R. W. (1931). Industrial Accident Prevention . H. W. Heinrich . Social Service Review. https://doi.org/10.1086/630904
Umar, H. (2008). No Title. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo.
Uzuntarla, F., Kucukali, S., & Uzuntarla, Y. (2020). An analysis on the relationship between Safety Awareness and Safety Behaviors of healthcare professionals, Ankara/Turkey. Journal of Occupational Health, 62(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12129
Wibawanti, A. B., Sanny, L., Siahaan, D., & Djati, S. P. (2024). How Safety Leadership, social capital, and Safety Awareness affect safety citizenship behavior: a mediation perspective. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 10(1), 432. https://doi.org/10.29210/020243815
Won, S., Choi, J., & Kim, K. (2024). Development of Sustainable Industrial Safety and Health Policy for Electronic Industry in Korea: A Study on the Relationship Between Safety Leadership of Managers, Safety Climate, and Safety Behavior. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310308
Woods, D. D., & Hollnagel, E. (2018). Prologue: Resilience Engineering Concepts. Resilience Engineering, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315605685-1
Wu, T. C. (2008). Safety Leadership in the teaching laboratories of electrical and electronic engineering departments at Taiwanese Universities. Journal of Safety Research, 39(6), 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.10.003
Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Liu, S., & Zhou, Q. (2024). Enhancing work Safety Behavior through supply chain safety management in small and medium sized manufacturing suppliers. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73098-0
Zhang, S., Hua, X., Huang, G., & Shi, X. (2022). How Does Leadership in Safety Management Affect Employees’ Safety Performance? A Case Study from Mining Enterprises in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106187
Zohar, D. (2002). Modifying supervisory practices to improve subunit safety: a leadership-based intervention model. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.156
Zulkifly, S. S., Hasan, N. H., & Zain, A. Z. M. (2023). Influencing Factors towards Safety Awareness among Instructors in Selected Public TVET Institutions. Global Research Review in Business and Economics, 9(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.56805/grrbe.23.9.1.2
