Simpul Transfer Kritis: Studi Kualitatif Tentang Risiko Operasional dalam Pengawasan Rantai Pasok Distribusi Bahan Bakar Minyak
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Pengawasan distribusi bahan bakar minyak (BBM) merupakan salah satu simpul paling sensitif secara operasional dalam rantai pasok energi, di mana berlangsungnya pertemuan antara serah terima produk fisik, pengukuran kuantitas dan kualitas, verifikasi dokumen, serta koordinasi multipihak. Studi ini menganalisis risiko operasional pada pengawasan bongkar muat bahan bakar di PT ABC dan mengusulkan strategi mitigasi yang terarah. Dengan menggunakan desain studi kasus kualitatif, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan informan dari PT ABC dan PT XYZ, dilengkapi dengan observasi dan analisis dokumen. Analisis tematik dipandu oleh perspektif manajemen risiko operasional dan rantai pasok, agency theory, serta fraud triangle. Delapan kategori risiko ditemukan, yaitu: kuantitas/kehilangan, kualitas, HSSE, proses dan SOP, dokumentasi/verifikasi, pengukuran, koordinasi multipihak, dan kecurangan. Risiko kuantitas/kehilangan dan dokumentasi/verifikasi merupakan yang paling kritis karena menimbulkan konsekuensi operasional dan finansial yang berat. Mitigasi yang efektif menuntut penguatan pos pemeriksaan pra-bongkar, deteksi dini berbasis pengukuran, pelaporan pengecualian, jejak audit yang diperkuat, pengawasan multipihak yang ditingkatkan, serta pemantauan berbasis risiko. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi pada literatur manajemen risiko rantai pasok energi dan menawarkan panduan yang dapat ditindaklanjuti bagi regulator dan operator yang ingin meningkatkan integritas dan ketangguhan pengawasan distribusi bahan bakar.
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