Kajian Kelayakan Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya pada Lokasi Terpilih di Maluku Papua Berdasarkan Hasil Pengujian Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Main Article Content
Ketersediaan listrik merupakan salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan pembangunan daerah dan percepatan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Sebagai wilayah tertinggal, Maluku dan Papua mendapatkan komitmen dari Pemerintah melalui PLN untuk meningkatkan pasokan listrik. Namun, pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mesin Gas (PLTMG) yang masif menimbulkan kekhawatiran terhadap lingkungan, seperti emisi udara dan limbah cair. Di sisi lain, letak Indonesia di sekitar garis khatulistiwa memberikan potensi besar bagi pengembangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) di wilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan lokasi terpilih untuk pembangunan PLTS di Maluku dan Papua serta menganalisis kelayakan teknis dan ekonominya. Metode yang digunakan adalah kombinasi Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) untuk menghitung bobot kriteria dan Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) untuk pemeringkatan lokasi, dilanjutkan dengan simulasi teknis menggunakan PVSyst dan perhitungan ekonomi (LCOE, NPV, ROI, IRR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Timika terpilih sebagai lokasi utama. Analisis teknis menghasilkan energi 8.525.229 kWh/tahun dengan performance ratio 80,43% (layak menurut IEC 61724). Analisis ekonomi menghasilkan LCOE Rp2.393/kWh (di bawah BPP setempat), NPV positif Rp48,43 miliar, ROI 173%, dan IRR 7,2% (dengan subsidi 23%). Implikasi penelitian ini adalah bahwa pengembangan PLTS di Timika layak secara teknis dan ekonomi, serta metode AHP-TOPSIS dapat direplikasi untuk pemilihan lokasi proyek energi terbarukan lainnya di Indonesia Timur.
Keywords:
PLTS, AHP-TOPSIS, Kajian Kelayakan Teknis dan Ekonomi
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Da?tekin, M. et al. (2014), “A Study of Techno-economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar Photovolatic (PV) Power Generation in the Province of Adana in Turkey”, Energi Exploration & Exploitation, vol. 32, hal. 719-735.
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Gürtürk, Mert. (2019), “Economic Feasibility of Solar Power Plants Based on PV Module with Levelized Cost Analysis”, Energy, vol. 171, hal. 866-878, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.090.
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Kassem, Youssef et al. (2020), “Solar Energi Potential and Feasibility Study of a 10 MW Grid-connected Solar Plant in Libya”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, hal. 5358-5366.
Kementerian Pertanian (2025), Statistik Harga Komoditas Pertanian 2025, Diakses dari satudata.pertanian.go.id
Kencana, Bayuaji et al., (2018), Panduan Studi Kelayakan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Terpusat, Tetra Tech ES Inc., Jakarta.
Kengpol, Athakorn et al. (2013), “A Decision Support System for Selection of Solar Power Plant by Applying Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS: An Empirical Study”, Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, vol. 6, p 470-481, doi: 10.4236/jsea.2013.69057.
Liu, Tianye et al. (2022), "Techno-economic feasibility of solar power plants considering PV/CSP with electrical/thermal energi storage system", vol. 255, hal. 115308, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115308
Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia (2025), Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) 2025-2034, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Jakarta.
Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia (2024), Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 39 Tahun 2024, Kementerian Keuangan, Jakarta
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Saaty, Thomas L dan Vargas, Luis G, (2012), Models, Methods, Concepts & Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Second Edition, Springer, New York.
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Zambrano-Asanza, S. (2021), “Optimal site selection for photovoltaic power plants using GIS-based multi-criteria decision making and spatial overlay with electric load”, vol. 143, hal. 110853, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110853
Akka?, O.P et al. (2017), “Selection of a Solar Power Plant Location by Using AHP Method”, Internasional Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, vol. 4, hal. 122-128.
Al-Hanoot, Abdulrhman Klifa et al. (2025), "Economic feasibility assessment of optimum grid-connected PV/battery systems to meet electricity demand for industrial buildings in Saudi Arabia", vol. 328, hal. 115126, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115126
Almasad, Abdullah et al. (2023), “Site suitability analysis for implementing solar PV power plants using GIS and fuzzy MCDM based approach”, vol. 249, hal. 642-650, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2022.11.046
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (2026), Potensi Energi Surya Kota Jayapura, Diakses dari silentera.bmkg.go.id
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (2026), Potensi Energi Surya Kabupaten Manokwari, Diakses dari silentera.bmkg.go.id
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (2026), Potensi Energi Surya Kabupaten Sorong, Diakses dari silentera.bmkg.go.id
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (2026), Potensi Energi Surya Kabupaten Nabire, Diakses dari silentera.bmkg.go.id
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (2026), Potensi Energi Surya Kabupaten Mimika, Diakses dari silentera.bmkg.go.id
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (2026), Potensi Energi Surya Kabupaten Merauke, Diakses dari silentera.bmkg.go.id
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (2026), Potensi Energi Surya Kota Ambon, Diakses dari silentera.bmkg.go.id
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (2026), Potensi Energi Surya Kota Ternate, Diakses dari silentera.bmkg.go.id
Badan Pusat Statistik (2015), Rata-rata Penyinaran Matahari Menurut Bulan di Kota Ternate 2015, Diakses dari ternatekota.bps.go.id
Badan Pusat Statistik (2017), Statistik Harga Konsumen Perdesaan Kelompok Makanan 2017, Diakses dari bps.go.id
Badan Pusat Statistik (2020), Penyinaran Matahari (Persen) 2020, Diakses dari nabirekab.bps.go.id
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Badan Pusat Statistik (2024), Rata-rata Penyinaran Matahari 2024, Diakses dari sorongkota.bps.go.id
Badan Pusat Statistik (2025), Distrik Mayamuk Dalam Angka 2025, Diakses dari sorongkota.bps.go.id
Badan Pusat Statistik (2025), Kecamatan Merauke Dalam Angka 2025, Diakses dari meraukekab.bps.go.id
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Boruah, Dwipen dan Chandel, Shyam Singh. (2024), "Techno-economic feasibility analysis of a commercial grid-connected photovoltaic plant with battery energi storage-achieving a net zero energi system", vol. 77, hal. 109984, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109984
Çolak, H. E et al. (2020), “Optimal Site Selection for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plants Using GIS and AHP: a Case Study of Malatya Province, Turkey”, Renewable Energy, vol. 149, hal. 565-576, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.078.
Da?tekin, M. et al. (2014), “A Study of Techno-economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar Photovolatic (PV) Power Generation in the Province of Adana in Turkey”, Energi Exploration & Exploitation, vol. 32, hal. 719-735.
Demir, Abdullah et al. (2023), “A novel method for the site selection of large-scale PV farms by using AHP and GIS: A case study in ?zmir, Türkiye”, vol. 259, hal. 235-245, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2023.05.031
Gürtürk, Mert. (2019), “Economic Feasibility of Solar Power Plants Based on PV Module with Levelized Cost Analysis”, Energy, vol. 171, hal. 866-878, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.090.
Hosouli, Sahand dan Hassani, Rania Asma. (2024), “Application of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model for solar plant location selection”, vol. 24, hal.103162, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103162
Kassem, Youssef et al. (2020), “Solar Energi Potential and Feasibility Study of a 10 MW Grid-connected Solar Plant in Libya”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, hal. 5358-5366.
Kementerian Pertanian (2025), Statistik Harga Komoditas Pertanian 2025, Diakses dari satudata.pertanian.go.id
Kencana, Bayuaji et al., (2018), Panduan Studi Kelayakan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Terpusat, Tetra Tech ES Inc., Jakarta.
Kengpol, Athakorn et al. (2013), “A Decision Support System for Selection of Solar Power Plant by Applying Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS: An Empirical Study”, Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, vol. 6, p 470-481, doi: 10.4236/jsea.2013.69057.
Liu, Tianye et al. (2022), "Techno-economic feasibility of solar power plants considering PV/CSP with electrical/thermal energi storage system", vol. 255, hal. 115308, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115308
Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia (2025), Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) 2025-2034, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Jakarta.
Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia (2024), Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 39 Tahun 2024, Kementerian Keuangan, Jakarta
Mirzahosseini, Alireza Hajiseyed dan Taheri, Taraneh. (2012). “Environmental, Technical and Finansial Feasibility Study of Solar Power Plants by RETScreen, According to The Targeting of Energy Subsidies in Iran”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, hal. 2806-2811, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.066.
Nabil, Mahdi Hossain et al. (2024), "Techno-economic analysis of commercial-scale 15 MW on-grid ground solar PV System in Bakalia: A feasibility study proposed for BPDP", vol. 14, hal. 100286, doi: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100286
Nematollahi, Omid dan Kim, Kyung Chun. (2017), “A Feasibility Study of Solar Energi in South Korea”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 77, hal. 566-579, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.132.
Ozdemir, Seda dan Sahin, Gokhan. (2018), “Multi-Criteria Decision Making in The Location Selection for a Solar PV Power Plant Using AHP”, Measurement, vol. 129, hal. 218-226, doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2018.07.020.
Rahmansyah, Nugraha dan Lusinia, SA, (2021), Buku Ajar Sistem Pendukung Keputusan, Edisi 1, Pustaka Galeri Mandiri, Padang.
Saaty, Thomas L dan Vargas, Luis G, (2012), Models, Methods, Concepts & Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Second Edition, Springer, New York.
Shabbir, M.S.K et al. (2019), “A Guideline of Feasibility Analysis and Design for Concentrated Solar Power Plants”, Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 41, hal. 4.
Shehab, Zakariya Nafi et al. (2024), “Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach for identifying optimal solar farm location: A multi-technique comparative analysis”, vol. 237, hal. 121787, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121787
Sunny, Mahmood Reaz et al. (2024), "Feasibility study of floating solar photovoltaic systems using techno-economic assessment and multi-criteria decision-making method: A case study of Bangladesh", vol. 310, hal. 133202, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133202
Taner, T. dan Dalkilc, A.S. (2017), “A Feasibility Study of Solar Energi-Techno Economic Analysis From Aksaray City, Turkey”, Journal of Thermal Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5.
Tunc, A et al. (2019), “GIS Based Solar Power Plants Site Selection Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Istanbul, Turkey”, The Internasional Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, vol. XLII-2/W13, hal. 1353-1360, doi: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-1353-2019.
Wang, Chia-Nan et al. (2018), “Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approaches for Solar Power Plant Location Selection in Viet Nam”, Energies, vol. 11, hal. 6, doi: 10.3390/en11061504
Wicaksono, SR, (2023), TOPSIS Teori dan Implementasi, Edisi 1, CV. Seribu Bintang, Malang.
Zambrano-Asanza, S. (2021), “Optimal site selection for photovoltaic power plants using GIS-based multi-criteria decision making and spatial overlay with electric load”, vol. 143, hal. 110853, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110853
