Analisis Efektivitas Kebijakan Penetapan Badan Layanan Umum melalui Pendekatan Systematic Literature Review
Main Article Content
Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas kebijakan penetapan Badan Layanan Umum (BLU) dalam perspektif reformasi administrasi publik, reformasi pengelolaan keuangan negara, pengukuran kinerja, dan tata kelola organisasi sektor publik. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Data penelitian diperoleh melalui database Scopus dengan rentang publikasi tahun 2016–2026 menggunakan kata kunci yang berkaitan dengan Public Financial Management Reform, policy implementation, performance management, dan organizational governance. Proses seleksi literatur dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan PRISMA sehingga diperoleh 36 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas kebijakan penetapan BLU dipengaruhi oleh kapasitas administrasi, kualitas tata kelola organisasi, fleksibilitas pengelolaan keuangan, sistem pengukuran kinerja, collaborative governance, dan kemampuan organisasi dalam mengelola perubahan tata kelola secara substantif. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa fleksibilitas pengelolaan organisasi publik tidak otomatis meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan publik apabila tidak diiringi sistem akuntabilitas dan pengukuran kinerja yang efektif. Selain itu, implementasi kebijakan berbasis fleksibilitas berpotensi menghasilkan superficial compliance apabila organisasi hanya berorientasi pada pemenuhan administratif. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas kebijakan penetapan BLU merupakan hasil interaksi multidimensional antara kapasitas organisasi, tata kelola birokrasi, pengukuran kinerja, dan orientasi pelayanan publik berbasis hasil.
Keywords:
Efektivitas Kebijakan BLU, Public Financial Management Reform, Implementasi Kebijakan Publik, Pengukuran Kinerja Organisasi, Reformasi Administrasi Publik
Akbar, R., Santoso, A. B., & Choirunnisa, A. (2026). Drivers of change: how performance measurement system reshape government agencies in Indonesia. Policy Design and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2026.2636357
Alawattage, C., & Azure, J. D. C. (2021). Behind the World Bank’s ringing declarations of “social accountability”: Ghana’s public financial management reform. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2019.02.002
Amrein-Beardsley, A., Geiger, T., & Winn, K. (2022). U.S. states’ performance on NAEP mathematics and reading exams after the implementation of school letter grade accountability policies. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2063223
Aneja, A., & Xu, G. (2024). Strengthening State Capacity: Civil Service Reform and Public Sector Performance during the Gilded Age. American Economic Review, 114(8), 2352–2387. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230019
Bachtler, J., Polverari, L., Domorenok, E., & Graziano, P. (2024). Administrative capacity and EU Cohesion Policy: implementation performance and effectiveness. In Regional Studies (Vol. 58, Number 4, pp. 685–689). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2276887
Baekgaard, M. (2017). Prospect theory and public service outcomes: Examining risk preferences in relation to public sector reforms. Public Administration, 95(4), 927–942. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12324
Bartle, J. R., Joyce, P. G., & Rubin, M. M. (2026). Social Equity Practices in Public Financial Management: A Conceptual Review and Proposed Reforms. Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.70056
Bjurstrøm, K. H. (2020). Principal–Agent or Principal–Steward: How Ministry–Agency Relations Condition the Impact of Performance Management in the Steering of Government Agencies. Public Performance and Management Review, 43(5), 1053–1077. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1739087
Bodson, O., Barro, A., Turcotte-Tremblay, A. M., Zanté, N., Somé, P. A., & Ridde, V. (2018). A study on the implementation fidelity of the performance-based financing policy in Burkina Faso after 12 months. Archives of Public Health, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-017-0250-4
Botlhale, E. (2025). COVID-19 as a key driver of Public Financial Management [PFM] reforms in Botswana. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 43(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2025.2474405
Doberstein, C. (2022). Assessing the Promise and Performance of Agencies in the Government of Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 600–618. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423922000324
Erkoreka, M., & Blas, A. (2023). Implementation performance in the field of the EU Customs Union: consequences of differentiated policy implementation on customs control efficiency. Journal of European Integration, 45(5), 803–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183198
Fernández-i-Marín, X., Hinterleitner, M., Knill, C., & Steinebach, Y. (2024). Policy growth, implementation capacities, and the effect on policy performance. Governance, 37(3), 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12816
Grillos, T., Zarychta, A., & Andersson, K. (2021). Governance reform, decentralization, and teamwork in public service delivery: Evidence from the Honduran health sector. Public Administration, 99(4), 832–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12722
Haag, M., Hurka, S., & Kaplaner, C. (2025). Policy complexity and implementation performance in the European Union. Regulation and Governance, 19(3), 656–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12580
Hadorn, S., & Sager, F. (2025). Come together: Does network management make a difference for collaborative implementation performance in the context of sudden policy growth? Regulation and Governance, 19(3), 690–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12595
Kang, I., Jee, H. S., & Shin, M. M. (2018). Affective policy performance evaluation model: A case of an international trade policy implementation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010232
Lawson, A., & Harris, J. (2023). Is the problem driven iterative adaptation approach (PDIA) a panacea for public financial management reform? Evidence from six African countries. World Development Perspectives, 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2023.100526
Lei, N., Miao, Q., & Yao, X. (2023). Does the implementation of green credit policy improve the ESG performance of enterprises? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Economic Modelling, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106478
Lotta, G. S., & Marques, E. C. (2020). How social networks affect policy implementation: An analysis of street-level bureaucrats’ performance regarding a health policy. Social Policy and Administration, 54(3), 345–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12550
Ohannessian, R., Constantinou, P., & Chauvin, F. (2019). Health policy analysis of the non-implementation of HPV vaccination coverage in the pay for performance scheme in France. European Journal of Public Health, 29(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky173
Orphan, C. M., & Laderman, S. (2024). Policy as Potemkin Village: Regional Public University Non-Responsiveness to the Implementation of Performance-Funding in Colorado. Journal of Higher Education, 95(2), 256–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2023.2171209
Qin, M., Tao, Q., & Du, Y. (2021). Policy implementation and project performance: A qualitative comparative analysis based on 29 National Marine ranchings in China. Marine Policy, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104527
Salazar-Morales, D. A. (2018). Sermons, carrots or sticks? Explaining successful policy implementation in a low performance institution. Journal of Education Policy, 33(4), 457–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1378823
Schmidt, E. (2021). The role of public service bargains in cutback management: Insights in reforms in the Dutch penitentiary sector. Public Policy and Administration, 36(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076719869793
Smith, G., Halligan, J., & Mir, M. (2021). Does performance measurement improve public sector performance? A case of Australian government agencies. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 80(4), 713–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12481
Somers, M. J. (2023). A Test of a Configurational Model of Agency Performance in the United States Federal Government Using Machine Learning Methodology. International Journal of Public Administration, 46(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1981941
Tsarouhas, D. (2020). Policy Transfer, External Actors and Policy Conditionality: Public Financial Management Reform in Turkey. Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 11(4), 341–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2020.1832876
Williams, M. J. (2021). Beyond state capacity: Bureaucratic performance, policy implementation and reform. Journal of Institutional Economics, 17(2), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137420000478
Xiao, B., Chen, L., & Li, H. (2025). Impact of SciTech – Finance integration policy implementation on SME innovation performance: Mediating effect of tax burden. Finance Research Letters, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.107031
Alawattage, C., & Azure, J. D. C. (2021). Behind the World Bank’s ringing declarations of “social accountability”: Ghana’s public financial management reform. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2019.02.002
Amrein-Beardsley, A., Geiger, T., & Winn, K. (2022). U.S. states’ performance on NAEP mathematics and reading exams after the implementation of school letter grade accountability policies. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2063223
Aneja, A., & Xu, G. (2024). Strengthening State Capacity: Civil Service Reform and Public Sector Performance during the Gilded Age. American Economic Review, 114(8), 2352–2387. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230019
Bachtler, J., Polverari, L., Domorenok, E., & Graziano, P. (2024). Administrative capacity and EU Cohesion Policy: implementation performance and effectiveness. In Regional Studies (Vol. 58, Number 4, pp. 685–689). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2276887
Baekgaard, M. (2017). Prospect theory and public service outcomes: Examining risk preferences in relation to public sector reforms. Public Administration, 95(4), 927–942. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12324
Bartle, J. R., Joyce, P. G., & Rubin, M. M. (2026). Social Equity Practices in Public Financial Management: A Conceptual Review and Proposed Reforms. Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.70056
Bjurstrøm, K. H. (2020). Principal–Agent or Principal–Steward: How Ministry–Agency Relations Condition the Impact of Performance Management in the Steering of Government Agencies. Public Performance and Management Review, 43(5), 1053–1077. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1739087
Bodson, O., Barro, A., Turcotte-Tremblay, A. M., Zanté, N., Somé, P. A., & Ridde, V. (2018). A study on the implementation fidelity of the performance-based financing policy in Burkina Faso after 12 months. Archives of Public Health, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-017-0250-4
Botlhale, E. (2025). COVID-19 as a key driver of Public Financial Management [PFM] reforms in Botswana. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 43(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2025.2474405
Doberstein, C. (2022). Assessing the Promise and Performance of Agencies in the Government of Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 600–618. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423922000324
Erkoreka, M., & Blas, A. (2023). Implementation performance in the field of the EU Customs Union: consequences of differentiated policy implementation on customs control efficiency. Journal of European Integration, 45(5), 803–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183198
Fernández-i-Marín, X., Hinterleitner, M., Knill, C., & Steinebach, Y. (2024). Policy growth, implementation capacities, and the effect on policy performance. Governance, 37(3), 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12816
Grillos, T., Zarychta, A., & Andersson, K. (2021). Governance reform, decentralization, and teamwork in public service delivery: Evidence from the Honduran health sector. Public Administration, 99(4), 832–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12722
Haag, M., Hurka, S., & Kaplaner, C. (2025). Policy complexity and implementation performance in the European Union. Regulation and Governance, 19(3), 656–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12580
Hadorn, S., & Sager, F. (2025). Come together: Does network management make a difference for collaborative implementation performance in the context of sudden policy growth? Regulation and Governance, 19(3), 690–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12595
Kang, I., Jee, H. S., & Shin, M. M. (2018). Affective policy performance evaluation model: A case of an international trade policy implementation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010232
Lawson, A., & Harris, J. (2023). Is the problem driven iterative adaptation approach (PDIA) a panacea for public financial management reform? Evidence from six African countries. World Development Perspectives, 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2023.100526
Lei, N., Miao, Q., & Yao, X. (2023). Does the implementation of green credit policy improve the ESG performance of enterprises? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Economic Modelling, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106478
Lotta, G. S., & Marques, E. C. (2020). How social networks affect policy implementation: An analysis of street-level bureaucrats’ performance regarding a health policy. Social Policy and Administration, 54(3), 345–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12550
Ohannessian, R., Constantinou, P., & Chauvin, F. (2019). Health policy analysis of the non-implementation of HPV vaccination coverage in the pay for performance scheme in France. European Journal of Public Health, 29(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky173
Orphan, C. M., & Laderman, S. (2024). Policy as Potemkin Village: Regional Public University Non-Responsiveness to the Implementation of Performance-Funding in Colorado. Journal of Higher Education, 95(2), 256–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2023.2171209
Qin, M., Tao, Q., & Du, Y. (2021). Policy implementation and project performance: A qualitative comparative analysis based on 29 National Marine ranchings in China. Marine Policy, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104527
Salazar-Morales, D. A. (2018). Sermons, carrots or sticks? Explaining successful policy implementation in a low performance institution. Journal of Education Policy, 33(4), 457–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1378823
Schmidt, E. (2021). The role of public service bargains in cutback management: Insights in reforms in the Dutch penitentiary sector. Public Policy and Administration, 36(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076719869793
Smith, G., Halligan, J., & Mir, M. (2021). Does performance measurement improve public sector performance? A case of Australian government agencies. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 80(4), 713–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12481
Somers, M. J. (2023). A Test of a Configurational Model of Agency Performance in the United States Federal Government Using Machine Learning Methodology. International Journal of Public Administration, 46(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1981941
Tsarouhas, D. (2020). Policy Transfer, External Actors and Policy Conditionality: Public Financial Management Reform in Turkey. Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 11(4), 341–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2020.1832876
Williams, M. J. (2021). Beyond state capacity: Bureaucratic performance, policy implementation and reform. Journal of Institutional Economics, 17(2), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137420000478
Xiao, B., Chen, L., & Li, H. (2025). Impact of SciTech – Finance integration policy implementation on SME innovation performance: Mediating effect of tax burden. Finance Research Letters, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.107031
