Konflik Sosial-Ekologis dan Resolusi Konflik Multipihak dalam Industri Nikel Indonesia: Studi Kasus Morowali, Halmahera, dan Morosi
Main Article Content
Penelitian ini menganalisis reproduksi konflik sosial-ekologis dalam industri nikel Indonesia serta menawarkan kerangka resolusi yang realistis di tengah keterbatasan kelembagaan. Studi kasus di Morowali, Halmahera, dan Morosi menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme penyelesaian yang ada, baik litigasi maupun advokasi, secara konsisten gagal menyentuh akar struktural konflik. Melalui analisis dokumen sistematis terhadap putusan pengadilan, dokumen kebijakan, laporan masyarakat sipil, dan literatur akademis, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi empat pola struktural yang berulang: sistem perizinan yang memprioritaskan investasi, partisipasi publik yang prosedural semata, absennya forum resolusi independen, dan peran ganda negara sebagai mitra investasi. Dengan menggunakan kerangka Galtung (negative vs. positive peace) dan model transformasi konflik Kriesberg, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa ketiga kasus hanya menghasilkan negative peace—ketiadaan kekerasan terbuka yang berdampingan dengan ketidakadilan struktural. Kontribusi utama penelitian ini adalah menjembatani kesenjangan antara diagnosis struktural yang kuat dalam literatur agraria Indonesia dan kurangnya kerangka resolusi yang dapat dioperasionalisasikan, dengan merumuskan rekomendasi bertahap yang jujur tentang hambatan strukturalnya sendiri.
Keywords:
Konflik Sosial-Ekologis, Industri Nikel, Resolusi Konflik Multipihak, Transformasi Konflik, Kebijakan Pertambangan, FPIC
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Berenschot, W., & Dhiaulhaq, A. (2023). The production of rightlessness: Palm oil companies and land dispossession in Indonesia. Globalizations. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2253657
Berenschot, W., & Dhiaulhaq, A. (2024). Discourses of land conflicts in Indonesia. Development and Change, 55(6), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12865
Bezzola, S., Gunther, I., Brugger, F., & Lefoll, E. (2022). CSR and local conflicts in African mining communities. World Development, 158, 105968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105968
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
Gedepuraka, Y. W., & Kusumandaru, K. B. (2024). Critical minerals, critical conditions: The struggle of nickel mine workers in Indonesia. Inkrispena.
Global Witness. (2015). Jade: Myanmar's big state secret. Global Witness. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/myanmar/myanmarjadereport/
Harvey, D. (2003). The new imperialism. Oxford University Press.
Haslam, P. A., & Ary Tanimoune, N. (2016). The determinants of social conflict in the Latin American mining sector. World Development, 78, 401-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.020
Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (2020). Studying public policy: Policy cycles and policy subsystems (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Idemudia, U., Tuokuu, F. X. D., & Essah, M. (2022). The extractive industry and human rights in Africa. Resources Policy, 78, 102838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102838
JATAM. (2024). Penaklukan dan perampokan Halmahera: IWIP sebagai etalase kejahatan strategis nasional negara-korporasi. JATAM Nasional. https://jatam.org/id/lengkap/Perampokan-Halmahera
Kemp, D., & Owen, J. R. (2020). Community relations and mining: Core to business success. Social Responsibility Journal, 16(5), 645-661. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-03-2019-0090
Kowszyk, Y., Vanclay, F., & Maher, R. (2023). Conflict management in the extractive industries: A comparison of four mining projects in Latin America. The Extractive Industries and Society, 13, 101161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2022.101161
Kriesberg, L., & Dayton, B. W. (2012). Constructive conflicts: From escalation to resolution (4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
Kutsyuruba, B. (2023). Document analysis. Dalam J. M. Okoko, S. Tunison, & K. D. Walker (Eds.), Varieties of qualitative research methods (pp. 171-178). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04394-9_23
Lo, M. G. Y., Morgans, C. L., Santika, T., Mumbunan, S., Winarni, N., Supriatna, J., Voigt, M., Davies, Z. G., & Struebig, M. J. (2024). Nickel mining reduced forest cover in Indonesia but had mixed outcomes for well-being. One Earth, 7(11), 2019-2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.10.010
Morgan, H. (2022). Conducting a qualitative document analysis. The Qualitative Report, 27(1), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5044
OECD. (2017). OECD due diligence guidance for meaningful stakeholder engagement in the extractive sector. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264252462-en
Oh, C. H., Shin, J., & Ho, S. S. H. (2023). Conflicts between mining companies and communities: Institutional environments and conflict resolution approaches. Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, 32(2), 638-656. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12522
Pengadilan Negeri Unaaha. (2025). WALHI Sultra dkk. v. PT Obsidian Stainless Steel dkk., No. 28/Pdt.Sus-LH/2024/PN Unh (31 Juli 2025). PN Unaaha, Sulawesi Tenggara.
Prayogo, D. (2011). Anatomi konflik antara korporasi dan komunitas lokal pada industri geotermal di Jawa Barat. Makara Hubs-Asia, 14(1), 25-34.
Rachman, N. F. (2011). The resurgence of land reform policy and agrarian movements in Indonesia (Doctoral dissertation). University of California, Berkeley.
Shenum, K., & Lakhdir, L. (2025). Ongoing harms, limited accountability: Climate, environmental, and human rights violations in the Indonesian nickel industry. Climate Rights International. https://cri.org/reports/ongoing-harms-limited-accountability/
Survival International. (2024). O'Hongana Manyawa: The isolated tribe threatened by nickel mining. https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/honganamanyawa
WALHI. (2024). Hentikan upaya kriminalisasi terhadap masyarakat Kecamatan Bungku Barat, Kabupaten Morowali. WALHI Nasional. https://www.walhi.or.id/hentikan-upaya-kriminalisasi
WALHI. (2025). Gugatan rakyat Morosi dikabulkan: Pengadilan nyatakan PLTU cemari lingkungan dan melawan hukum. WALHI Nasional. https://www.walhi.or.id/gugatan-rakyat-morosi-dikabulkan-pengadilan-nyatakan-pltu-cemari-lingkungan-dan-melawan-hukum
WALHI Sulteng. (2024). Hilirisasi mineral berujung pada kerugian dan kriminalisasi warga di Morowali. WALHI Sulteng. https://www.walhi.or.id/hilirisasi-mineral-berujung-pada-kerugian-dan-kriminalisasi-warga-di-morowali
Warburton, E. (2024). Nationalist enclaves: Industrialising the critical mineral boom in Indonesia. The Extractive Industries and Society, 20, 101564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2024.10156
