Tinjauan TBT Agreement terhadap EUDR dan Implikasinya bagi Perdagangan Komoditas Indonesia
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European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran serius bagi negara-negara pengekspor komoditas berbasis lahan, termasuk Indonesia, mengingat regulasi ini mensyaratkan pembuktian bahwa produk yang masuk ke pasar Uni Eropa bebas dari deforestasi. Di tengah meningkatnya regulasi lingkungan unilateral dari negara-negara maju, muncul pertanyaan mendasar mengenai kesesuaian EUDR dengan kerangka hukum perdagangan internasional, khususnya Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) WTO. Penelitian ini mengkaji apakah EUDR dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai technical regulation berdasarkan Annex 1.1 TBT Agreement, serta apakah mekanisme risk benchmarking dan ketiadaan ekuivalensi bagi skema sertifikasi nasional melanggar kewajiban non-diskriminasi dan proporsionalitas dalam Article 2.1 dan 2.2. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual, kasus, dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EUDR dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai technical regulation, meskipun perdebatan mengenai status persyaratan deforestation-free sebagai product characteristic atau non-product-related PPM belum terselesaikan dalam yurisprudensi WTO. Mekanisme risk benchmarking unilateral terbukti menimbulkan diskriminasi de facto yang berpotensi melanggar Article 2.1, sementara absennya mekanisme ekuivalensi menjadikan EUDR lebih membatasi perdagangan dari yang sesungguhnya diperlukan sehingga berpotensi melanggar Article 2.2. Sebagai respons, Indonesia perlu mengambil langkah strategis yang terkoordinasi, mencakup penguatan kapasitas domestik, reformasi ISPO, dan pemanfaatan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa WTO secara sistematis.
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