Kepemimpinan Instruksional Berbasis AI: Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis tentang Model-Model yang Muncul dalam Manajemen Pendidikan
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Kecerdasan buatan secara pesat tengah mengubah wajah manajemen pendidikan, Tinjauan literatur sistematis ini mengkaji model-model yang muncul di persimpangan antara AI dan kepemimpinan instruksional dalam kurun waktu 2020 hingga 2025. Dengan membedakan secara analitis antara AI prediktif (analitik pembelajaran dan educational data mining) dan AI generatif (model bahasa besar), tinjauan ini melakukan sintesis terhadap bukti-bukti terbaru mengenai bagaimana kedua keluarga teknologi tersebut dapat—secara terpisah maupun secara terintegrasi—mendukung pengambilan keputusan instruksional, supervisi guru, serta pengembangan profesional yang berkelanjutan. Tinjauan ini juga secara eksplisit membahas risiko-risiko kritis yang sering diabaikan dalam wacana techno-optimist, termasuk potensi deskilling profesional guru, over-surveillance algoritmik, dan disonansi semantik kebijakan yang melingkupi istilah "Deep Learning" dalam Kurikulum Merdeka. Dengan berpedoman pada panduan PRISMA dan menerapkan kriteria operasional AI yang ketat, tinjauan ini berhasil mengidentifikasi tren-tren utama, kerangka kerja kepemimpinan, pertimbangan etis, serta tantangan-tantangan implementasi yang berkaitan dengan kepemimpinan instruksional berbasis AI. Temuan-temuan menunjukkan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan transformasional, terdistribusi, dan adaptif paling sering dikaitkan dengan keberhasilan integrasi AI yang berkeadilan, sementara gaya teknokratis atau transaksional cenderung membatasi potensi AI hanya pada tataran efisiensi administratif. Tinjauan ini mengajukan kerangka kerja konseptual lima dimensi yang telah direvisi, yang secara eksplisit membedakan implikasi manajerial AI prediktif dan generatif sekaligus mengintegrasikan dimensi keselarasan terminologis kebijakan sebagai elemen kunci dari mediasi kontekstual. Implikasi bagi kebijakan, praktik, dan riset masa depan dibahas secara mendalam, dengan memberikan perhatian khusus terhadap keterbatasan sumber daya dan kekhasan konteks pendidikan Indonesia, termasuk usulan "Lima Pengaman Kepemimpinan Instruksional Berbasis AI" sebagai perangkat mitigasi praktis terhadap risiko-risiko yang teridentifikasi.
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