The Determinants of Nutritional Adequacy Levels in Toddlers at Klungkung Regional General Hospital Bali
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Nutritional adequacy is essential for optimal growth and development in children under five years of age; however, malnutrition remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify factors associated with nutritional adequacy and evaluate changes in nutritional adequacy following nutritional interventions among children aged 1–5 years at Klungkung Regional General Hospital, Bali. The study employed a cross-sectional design to assess nutritional determinants, followed by a three-month nutritional intervention. A total of 127 children were included, and dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recalls conducted on three nonconsecutive days. Bivariate analyses were performed using comparative and correlation tests. The findings revealed that 81.9% of children had inadequate nutritional intake. Significant associations were identified between nutritional adequacy and birth weight category (p = 0.033), upper respiratory tract infections (p = 0.042), and gestational age (p = 0.039). In contrast, exclusive breastfeeding and immunization history were not significantly associated with nutritional adequacy. Following the three-month intervention involving micronutrient and macronutrient supplementation, 47.2% of children achieved the recommended nutritional intake targets, representing a statistically significant improvement in nutritional adequacy (Z = ?6.647, p < 0.001). These findings highlighted the importance of targeted nutritional monitoring and interventions, particularly for children born prematurely, those with low birth weight, and those experiencing recurrent respiratory tract infections. Comprehensive nutritional assessment and individualized interventions may contribute to improved nutritional status, growth, and overall health outcomes among young children.
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